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-Long bone (such as humerus)

-Short bone (such as wrist bone)

-Flat bone (such as sternum)

-Irregular bone (such as vertebra)

-Sesamoid bone (such as patella)

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4. Joints

Sutures- joint that cannot move.

Synovial joints- can move

Symphysis- can move a little bit.

nClassification of Joints

1. Functional classification

i. synarthrosis (does not move)

ii. amphiarthrosis (moves a little)

iii. diarthrosis (can move a lot)

2. Structural classification

i. fibrous joints (has fiber holding them together)

ii. cartilaginous joints (Has cartilage to protect them)

iii. synovial joints滑液關節 (Has synovial fluid to decrease friction. All diarthrosis joints are synovial joints)

n*Fibrous Joints

a)Suture （a crack） (see picture)

>interosseous lig.骨間韌帶

c). Gomphosis （釘植）

n*Cartilaginous Joints

ia). Synchondrosis （透明軟骨結合）

>epiphyseal plate骨骺板

b). Symphysis （纖維軟骨聯合）

>pubic symphysis恥骨聯合

> intervertebral disc椎間盤

n*Synovial Joints --they have synovial bursae containing synovial fluid, decreases friction in joints to protect the bones)

The motion of synovial joints:

i. Gliding motion (also called Sliding motion, it slides. eg: clavicle)

ii. Angular motion (like a pivot,)

angular movements

e. circumduction （迴轉）

iii. Rotation motion (like planets turning round to face the sun, or not facing the sun)

a. medial rotation

b. lateral rotation

nTypes of synovial joints:

i. gliding joint

ii. hinge joint - angular motion in ONE way. eg humerus-ulna, and finger)

iii. pivot joint (rotation motion. Imagine a child being picked up from the neck, and turning round to get out of an adult's arm.)

iv. ellipsoidal joint (rotation motion. eg supination and pronation of ulna and radius)

v. saddle joint (angular motion, 2 directions--left-right, front-back)

vi. ball-and-socket joint (Angular motion, rotation motion. Like joints in BJD dolls)

* In dogs, digit (finger) joints are saddle joints (human's fingers are hinge joints), this means they can move their claws side ways, humans can't!

d. dorsiflexion （足背彎曲）

plantar flexion （足底彎曲）

e. supination （旋後）

pronation （旋前）

f. opposition (對掌)

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5. Axial Skeleton:

The Skull consists of:

-Cranial cavity

-Nasal cavity

-Paranasal sinuses (Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces, communicating with the nasal cavity, within the bones of the skull and face. )

The Ribs consist of:

-Sternal (true) ribs

-Asternal (false) ribs ( and Costal arch )

-Floating ribs (the 13th rib in dogs)

The Sternum consists of:

-Manubrium

-Body

-Xiphoid process

Thoracic cavity <--the cavity made by the ribs

Thoracic inlet (Cranial thoracic aperture) is the anatomical term referring to the superior opening of the thoracic cavity.

Thoracic outlet (caudal thoracic aperture) is the clinical term referring to Thoracic Inlet.

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6. Vertebrae

a) Vertebral formula

This shows how many of each sort of bones there are in the spine.

	Cervical	Thoracic	Lumbar	Sacral	coccygeal
Cattle	7	13	6	5	18-20
Dog	7	13	7	3	20
Horse	7	18	6	5	15-21
Human	7	12	5	5	3-4
Pig	7	14-15	6-7	4	20-23

b) Parts of the vertebral

Structure of vertebral :

Vertebral foramen (the hole inside a single vertebral, containing spinal cord.)

Intervertebral foramen- the hole between 2 vertebrae, for the nerves to come out)

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7. Appendicular Skeleton: Shoulder Girdle, Forearm, Carpal Bones, Humerus, Pelvis Girdle

Shoulder girdle consists of:

-Clavicle (Chinese: 鎖骨) (dogs don't have this, so don't pull their arms sideways, since their muscles will tear and the bones become detached!)

-Coracoid (Chinese: 喙骨) (à coracoid process)

-Scapula (Chinese: 肩胛骨)

FOREARM--consists of Humerus, radius, and ulna.

Parts of the Humerus 肱骨 (this is the long bone in fore-legs) (see picture)

-Proximal:

-Head

-Greater tubercle大結節

-Lesser tubercle小結節

-Intertubercular groove結節間溝

-Body:

-Deltoid tuberosity三角肌粗隆

-Distal:

-Medial condyle內髁

-Trochlea滑車

-Supratrochlea foramen滑車上孔

-Lateral condyle外髁

-Capitulum小頭

Radius and Ulna

Radius 橈骨 , Carpal joint

-Ulna 尺骨 , it has a Olecranon (鷹嘴突) which is a big, thick, curved partin the upper part of the ulna.

Overweight dogs may have that interosseous membrane torn because of the extra weight.

-In horses or other big animals, the ulna and radius are fused, so that there is no interosseous membrane in between to be torn. That's why you don't see horses or cows rotating the radiolulnar part of their forelimbs.

Carpal bones (chinese:腕骨) consist of 8 bones, divided into Proximal and Distal, 4 each.

-Proximal:

-Cr (radial), Ci (intermediate), Cu (ulna), Ca (accessory)

-Distal:

-C1, C2, C3, C4

Pelvis girdle: (see picture)

Sacrum + hip bone

Pelvic symphasis consists of Pubic symphasis and Ischial symphasis

Femur: (see picture)

This is the hind leg version of "humerus".

How to tell Femur and Humerus apart:

Humerus has a "hole". Femur has a "head"