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Nervous system: |
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-Central nervous system |
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-Brain |
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-Spinal cord |
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-Peripheral nervous system |
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-Cranial nerve (CN I ~ CN XII) |
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-Spinal nerve (C1 ~ Co1) |
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-Cervical n. (8) |
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-Thoracic n. (12) |
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-Lumbar n. (5) |
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-Sacral n. (5) |
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-Coccygeal n. (1) |
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Autonomic nervous system |
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Oligodendrocyte |
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Ependymal cell |
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Astrocyte |
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microglial cell |
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Schawann cell |
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myelinated region |
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Longitudinal fissure縱裂 |
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Transverse fissure橫裂 |
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Gyrus迴 |
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Sulcus溝 |
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Central sulcus中央溝 |
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Lateral sulcus外側溝 |
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Parietooccipital sulcus頂枕溝 |
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White matter: |
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-Association fiber聯絡纖維 |
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-Intralobar association fiber葉內纖維 |
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-Arcuate fibers弓形纖維 |
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-Interlobar association fiber葉間纖維 |
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-Cingulum扣帶 |
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-Inferior longitudinal bundle下縱束 |
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-Superior longitudinal bundle上縱束 |
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-Uncinate bundle鈎束 |
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-Subcallosal bundle胼胝下束 |
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-Commissural fiber連合纖維 |
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-Corpus callosum胼胝體 |
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-Rostral comissure前連合 |
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-Fornix穹隆 |
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-Projection fiber投射纖維 |
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-Corona radiata放射冠 |
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-Internal capsule內囊 |
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Meninges腦脊膜 |
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-Dura mater硬膜 |
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-Dura sinus硬膜竇（靜脈竇） |
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-Epidura space硬膜外空間 and subdura space硬膜內空間 |
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-Falx cerebri大腦鐮 |
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-Tentorium cerebelli小腦天幕 |
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-Diaphragma sellae鞍隔 |
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-Arachnoid蜘蛛膜 |
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-Subarachnoid蜘蛛膜下腔 |
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-Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)腦脊髓液 |
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-Cerebellomedullary cistern小腦延腦池 |
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-Pia mater軟腦膜 |
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Subarachnoid |
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àArachnoid villi蜘蛛膜絨毛 |
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àDura sinus |
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Hydrocephalus 水腦 |
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Vein |
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-Dorsal spinal v. |
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-Ventral spinal v. |
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-Internal vertebral venous plexus |
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-Epidura space |
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-External vertebral venous plexus |
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-Dorsal |
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-ventral |
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Spinal cord: |
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-Dorsal median sulcus背正中溝 |
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-Ventral median fissure腹正中裂 |
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-Central canal中央管 |
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-Dorsal root |
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-Ventral root |
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-Gray matter灰質 |
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-Dorsal horn |
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-Ventral horn |
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-Lateral horn |
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-Whiter matter白質 |
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-Dorsal fasciculus |
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-Lateral fasciculus |
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-Ventral fasciculus |
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blood brain barrier /BBB |
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Dendrite |
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axon , soma |
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Axon hillock軸突丘 |
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Nissl body |
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voltage gated channels |
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ligand gated channels |
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Action potential動作電位 |
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Grade potential漸近電位 |
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Anterograde axonal transport |
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Retrograde axonal transport |
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pseudounipolar |
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Bipolar, multipolar |
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Epineurium |
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Perineurium |
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Endoneurium |
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Axon reaction |
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-Cerebral cortex大腦皮質 |
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-Diencephalon間腦 |
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-Brain stem腦幹 |
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-Midbrain中腦 |
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-Pons橋腦 |
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-Medulla oblongata延腦 |
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-Cerebellum 小腦 |
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Cerebral cortex: |
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-Frontal lobe額葉 |
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-Parietal lobe頂葉 |
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-Temporal lobe側頭葉 |
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-Occipital lobe枕葉 |
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Limbic lobe |
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Diencephalon間腦 |
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-Epithalamus上丘腦 |
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-Thalamus丘腦 |
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-Subthalamus下丘腦 |
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-Hypothalamus下視丘 |
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Brain stem腦幹 |
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-Midbrain |
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-Pons |
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-Medulla oblongata |
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Ventricles腦室 |
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-Lateral ventricles |
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-Interventricular foramen室間孔 |
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-3rd ventricle |
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-Cerebral aqueduct大腦導水管 |
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-4th ventricle |
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-Median aperture |
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-2 Lateral aperture |
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-Central canal |
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)腦脊髓液 |
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Venous sinuses靜脈竇 |
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-Dorsal sagittal sinus背矢狀竇 |
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-Straight sinus直竇 |
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-Transverse sinus橫竇 |
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-Sigmoid sinus乙狀竇 |
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-Dorsal petrosal sinus背岩竇 |
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-Ventral petrosal sinus腹岩竇 |
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-Cavernous sinus海綿竇 |
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-Basilar sinus基竇 |
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Blood supply of brain: |
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-Internal carotid a. |
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-Ant. Cerebral a. |
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-Mid. cerebral a. |
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-Vertebral a. |
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-Basilar a. |
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-Post. cerebral a. |
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External Anatomy of Spinal Cord: |
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i. Terminate in L1~L2;
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ii. two enlargements : |
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a.cervical enlargement |
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b.lumbar enlargement |
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cauda equina馬尾 |
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Spinal n. |
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-Dorsal root |
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-Dorsal root ganglion |
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-Ventral root |
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Circulatory System Pericardium: |
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-Fibrous pericardium纖維性心包膜 |
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-Sternopericardiac lig. |
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-Phrenopericardiac lig. |
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-Serous pericardium漿膜性心包膜 |
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-Parietal pericardium |
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-Visceral pericardium (epicardium) |
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-Pericardial cavity心包膜腔 |
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Transverse sinus橫竇 |
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Oblique sinus斜竇 |
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Heart: |
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-3rd ~ 6th or 4th ~7th rib |
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-Base |
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-Right margin |
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-Left margin |
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-Apex |
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Epicardium心外膜層 |
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Myocardium心肌層 |
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Endocardium心內膜層 |
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Atrioventricular valve房室瓣 |
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-Mitral (or bicuspid) valve |
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-Tricuspid valve |
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Semilunar valve半月瓣 |
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Cardiac skeleton心臟骨架 |
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-Anuli fibrosi纖維輪 |
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-4 fibrous ring纖維環 |
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-Pulmonary fibrous ring肺動脈纖維環 |
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-Aorta fibrous ring主動脈纖維環 |
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-Left A-V ring左房室纖維環 |
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-Right A-V ring右房室纖維環 |
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-2 fibrous trigone纖維三角 |
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-Left fibrous trigone左纖維三角 |
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-Right fibrous trigone右纖維三角 |
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Conduction system: |
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S-A node竇房結 |
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A-V node房室結 |
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Bundle of His希氏束 |
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Right coronary a.右冠狀動脈 |
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Left coronary a.左冠狀動脈 |
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à Paraconal
interventricular branch圓錐旁室間動脈（前室間動脈） |
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à Subsinuosal
interventriular br.竇下室間動脈（後室間動脈） |
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coronary sinus冠狀竇 |
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-Tunica interna血管內膜 |
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-Tunica media血管中膜 |
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-Tunica externa血管外膜 |
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-Division |
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-Artery |
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-Capillary |
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-Vein |
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Artery: |
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Elastic a.彈性動脈 |
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Muscular a.肌肉動脈 |
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Arteriole 小動脈 |
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1.Artery |
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2.Vein |
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3.Arteriovenous anastomosis |
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4.Capillary plexus |
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Communicating a.交通動脈 |
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Anastomosis 吻合 |
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Vascular plexus血管叢 |
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-Capillary plexus微血管叢 |
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-Venous plexus靜脈叢 |
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Venous plexuses靜脈叢 |
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Venous sinuses靜脈竇 |
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System circulation: |
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-Ascending aorta升主動脈 |
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-Left and right coronary a. |
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-Aortic arch動脈弓 |
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-Brachiocephalic trunk頭臂動脈幹 |
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-Right common carotid a. |
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-Right subclavian a. |
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-Left common carotid a.左頸總動脈 |
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-Left subclavian a.左鎖骨下動脈 |
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-Descending aorta降主動脈 |
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Bicarotid trunk |
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Descending aorta降主動脈 |
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-Thoracic aorta胸主動脈 |
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-Viseral br. |
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-Bronchial a. |
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-Mediastinal a. |
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-Pericardial a. |
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-Parietal br. |
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-Post. intercostal a. |
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-Sup. Phrenic a. |
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-Abdominal aorta腹主動脈 |
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-Viseral br. |
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-Pair |
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-Renal a. |
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-Suprarenal a. |
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-Gonadal a. |
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-Unpair |
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-Celiac trunk |
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-Sup. Mesenteric a. |
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-Inf. Mesenteric a. |
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-Parietal br. |
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-Pair |
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-Inf. Phrenic a. |
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-Lumbar a. |
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-Unpair |
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-Median sacral a. |
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jugular vein |
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Superior vena cava上腔靜脈 |
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-Left brachiocephalic v. |
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-Left subclavian v. |
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-Left jugular v. |
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-Right brachiocephalic v. |
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Azygos v.奇靜脈 |
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Inferior vena cava下腔靜脈 |
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1.Cranial vena cava |
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2.Brachiocephalic v. |
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3.Subclavian v. |
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4.Bijugular trunk |
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5.External jugular v. |
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1.Lymph淋巴 |
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2.Lymphatic vessel淋巴管 |
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3.Lymphatic tissue淋巴組織 |
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1.Contain lymphocytes, reticular cell and reticular fiber |
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2.依組成之結構分為： |
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1.Diffuse (nodules淋巴小結) |
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2.Solitary (peyer’s
patches培氏結) |
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3.aggregation (tonsils扁桃腺) |
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4.Lymphatic organ |
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1.Lymph node淋巴結 |
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2.Spleen 脾臟 |
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3.Thymus 胸腺 |
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Lymphatic node淋巴結 |
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-Afferent lymphatic vessels |
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-Efferent lymphatic vessels |
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-Cortex |
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-Nodules淋巴小結 |
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-Medulla |
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Palpable lymph nodes |
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-Parotid lymph node |
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-Mandibular lymph node |
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-Retropharyngeal lymph node |
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-Superficial cervical lymph node |
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-Axillary lymph node |
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-Superficial inguinal lymph node |
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-Popliteal lymph node |
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Spleen |
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-Hilus 脾門 |
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-Capsule and trabeculae |
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-White pulp白髓 |
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-Red pulp紅髓 |
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Digestive system |
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-消化道 |
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-Oral cavity口腔 |
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-Pharynx咽 |
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-Esophagus食道 |
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-Stomach胃 |
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-Small intestine小腸 |
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-Large intestine大腸 |
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-Anal canal肛管 |
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-消化腺 |
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-Salivary gland唾液腺 |
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-Liver肝臟 |
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-Gallbladder膽囊 |
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-Pancreas胰臟 |
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Alimentary tract |
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-Mucous layer 黏膜層 |
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-Submucous layer黏膜下層 |
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-Muscularis layer肌肉層 |
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-Adventitia layer外層 |
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-Fibrosa layer 纖維層 |
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-Serosa layer 漿膜層 |
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Oral cavity |
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-Lips唇 |
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-Teeth齒 |
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-Vestibule前庭 |
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-Oral cavity porper固有口腔 |
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-Palate腭 |
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-Hard palate硬腭 |
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-Soft palate軟腭 |
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-Tongue舌 |
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-Lingual frenulum舌繫帶 |
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-Sublingual fold舌下皺襞 |
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-Sublingual caruncle舌下乳頭 |
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-Tonsil扁桃腺 |
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-Palatine tonsil腭扁桃腺 |
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-Lingual tonsil舌扁桃腺 |
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Incisive papilla門齒乳突 |
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Palatine ridges腭脊 |
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Palatine raphe腭縫 |
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Tonguae |
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-Apex舌尖 |
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-Body舌体 |
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-Root舌根 |
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-Dorsum舌背 |
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-Lingual frenulum舌繫帶 |
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Tonguae |
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-Median sulcus正中溝 |
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-Papilla乳突 |
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-Filiform papilla絲狀乳突 |
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-Conical papilla錐狀乳突 |
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-Lenticular papilla豆狀乳突 |
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-Fungiform papilla蕈狀乳突 |
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-Foliate papilla葉狀乳突 |
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-Circumvallate papilla輪狀乳突 |
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-Marginal papilla邊緣乳突 |
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-Lingual tonsil舌扁桃腺 |
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1.Palatine tonsil |
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2.Median groove |
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Epiglottis |
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1.Root of tongue |
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1.Torus linguae舌隆凸 |
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2.Fossa linguae舌隱窩 |
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3.Fungiform papillae |
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Tooth |
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-Structure |
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-Enamel琺瑯質 |
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-Dentin齒質 |
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-Cementum堊質 |
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-Surface |
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-Occlusal surface咬合面 |
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-Vestibular surface前庭面 |
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-Lingual surface舌面 |
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-Contact surface接觸面 |
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-Heterodont animal異形牙動物 |
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-Diphyodont animal換齒動物 |
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Pharynx咽 |
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-Nasopharynx鼻咽 |
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-Pharyngeal tonsil |
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-Oropharynx口咽 |
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-Lingual tonsil |
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-Palatine tonsil |
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-Laryngopharynx喉咽 |
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Parietal peritoneum壁層腹膜 |
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Visceral peritoneum臟層腹膜 |
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Mesentery腸系膜 |
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Peritoneal cavity腹膜腔 |
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Intraperitoneal organ腹膜內臟器 |
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Retroperitoneal organ腹膜後臟器 |
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Extraembryonic mesoderm |
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à Peritoneum |
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Dorsal mesentery |
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Ventral mesentery |
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Greater omentum大網膜 |
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Falciform lig.鐮狀韌帶 |
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Lessor omentum小網膜 |
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Omental bursa網膜囊 |
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Mesentery 腸系膜 |
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Male : |
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-Pubovesical pouch恥骨膀胱窩 |
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-Rectovesical pouch直腸膀胱窩 |
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-Pararectal fossa直腸旁窩 |
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Female |
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- Pubovesical pouch恥骨膀胱窩 |
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- Vesicogenital pouch膀胱生殖窩 |
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- Rectogenital pouch直腸生殖窩 |
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- Pararectal fossa直腸旁窩 |
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Parietal surface |
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Visceral surface |
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Greater curvature胃大彎 |
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Lesser curvature胃小彎 |
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Cardiac region賁門 |
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Cardiac sphincter |
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Fundus 胃底 |
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Body 胃体 |
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Pylorus幽門 |
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Pyloric part幽門區 |
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Pyloric antrum幽門房 |
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Pyloric canal幽門管 |
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Fundus胃底 |
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-Blind sac盲囊
(horse) |
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-Gastric diverticulum胃憩室
(pig) |
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Mucosa layer |
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-Nonglandular part |
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(Forestomach) |
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-Glandular part |
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(Glandular stomach) |
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Muscles of stomach |
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-Outer longitudinal muscle |
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-Middle circular muscle |
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-Cardiac sphincter賁門括約肌 |
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-Pyloric sphincter幽門括約肌 |
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-Innermost oblique muscle |
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複胃（瘤胃） |
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-Rumen瘤胃 |
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-Reticulum蜂巢胃 |
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-Omasum重瓣胃 |
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-Abomasum皺胃 |
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-Cecum盲腸 |
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-Vermiform appendix闌尾 |
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-Colon結腸 |
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-Ascending colon |
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-Transverse colon |
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-Descending colon |
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-Rectum直腸 |
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-Anal canal肛管 |
|
Salivary gland唾液腺 |
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Small salivary gland |
|
Large salivary gland |
|
-Parotid gland耳下腺（腮腺） |
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-Submandibular gland 頜下腺 |
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-Sublingual gland舌下腺 |
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-monostomatic gland單口腺 |
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-polystomatic gland多口腺
（horse and
human） |
|
-Zygomatic gland顴骨腺 |
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Ligaments of liver |
|
-Falciform lig.鐮狀韌帶 |
|
-Left and right coronary lig.冠狀韌帶 |
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-Left and right triangular lig.三角韌帶 |
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-Round lig. of liver圓狀韌帶 |
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-Lesser omentum小網膜 |
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Hepatic prota肝門 |
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-Hepatic a. |
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-Portal v. |
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-Bile duct |
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Gallbladder膽囊 |
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-Fundus |
|
-Body |
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-Neck |
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-Cystic duct |
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Skin: |
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-Epidermis表皮 |
|
-Cornified (keratinized) stratified squamous epithelium |
|
-Dermis真皮 |
|
-Collagen fiber |
|
-Hair |
|
-Arrector pili m. |
|
-Hypodermis皮下 |
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-Adipose tissue |
|
-Subcutaneous bursa |
|
Accessory structures of skin: |
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-Hair |
|
-Guard hair護毛 |
|
-Wool絨毛 |
|
-Bristles剛毛 |
|
-Long hairs長毛 |
|
-Tactile hairs觸毛 |
|
-Footpads肉趾 |
|
-Nail指甲 |
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-Claws 爪 |
|
Hoofs |
|
-Gland |
|
-Sebaceous gland |
|
-Sweat glands |
|
-Mammary gland |
|
Hair follicle: |
|
-Simple hair follicle |
|
-Compound hail follicle |
|
Hoof 蹄 |
|
Abxial surface反軸面 |
|
Interdigital surface指間面 |
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Basal surface基底面 |
|
Gland of skin |
|
- Endocrine gland： into blood directly, no duct |
|
- Exocrine gland： |
|
- 單細胞腺體(unicellular glands) |
|
- 杯狀細胞(goblet cell) |
|
- 多細胞腺體(multicellular glands) |
|
泡狀 (acinar) , 管狀-tubular |
|
管泡狀 (tubuloacinar) |
|
n部分分泌腺體 (merocrine) |
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n頂端分泌腺體 (apocrine) |
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n全分泌腺體 (holocrine) |
|
Sebaceous glands皮脂腺 |
|
-Scent organ氣味器官 |
|
-Circumoral glands嘴唇腺 |
|
-Horn glands角腺 |
|
-Glands of Infraorbital pouch下眼窩腺 |
|
-Carpal glands腕腺 |
|
-Glands of Interdigital pouch指間窩腺 |
|
-Glands of the inguinal pouch鼠蹊窩腺 |
|
-Preputial glands包皮腺 |
|
-Tail glands尾腺 |
|
-Circumanal glands肛門腺 |
|
-Glands of anal sacs肛門囊腺 |
|
Muscle: |
|
-Striated m. |
|
-Skeleton m. |
|
-Cardiac m. |
|
-Smooth m. |
|
Intercalated disc間盤 |
|
Endomysium肌內膜 |
|
Perimysium肌束膜 |
|
Epimysium 肌外膜 |
|
Superficial fascia |
|
Deep fascia |
|
-Spindle 梭狀 |
|
-Cord 索狀 |
|
-Sheet 扁平狀 |
|
-Massive 塊狀 |
|
Aponeurosis 腱膜 |
|
Pennate:羽狀肌纖維 |
|
-Unipennate單羽 |
|
-Bipennate雙羽 |
|
-Multipennate多羽 |
|
Respiratory system |
|
-Conducting portions |
|
-Nasal cavity鼻腔 |
|
-Pharynx 咽 |
|
-Trachea氣管 |
|
-Bronchi 支氣管 |
|
-Respiratory portions |
|
-External respiratory |
|
-Internal respiratory |
|
Nasal cavity鼻腔 |
|
- Nasal septum鼻中隔 |
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- Nasal concha鼻甲 |
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- Nasal meatus鼻道 |
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- Paranasal sinus副鼻竇 |
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-Osseus septum |
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-Membranous septum |
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-Cartilaginous septum |
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Olfactory epithelium嗅覺黏膜 |
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Nasal epithelium鼻黏膜 |
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-Frontal sinus額竇 |
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-Sphenoidal sinus碟竇 |
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-Maxillary sinus (recess)上顎竇 |
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Nasolacrimal duct鼻淚管 |
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-Nasopharynx鼻咽 |
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-Auditory tube 耳咽管 |
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-Pharyngeal tonsil |
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-Guttural pouch 喉囊 |
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-Oropharynx口咽 |
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-Laryngopharynx喉咽 |
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Larynx |
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Vocal fold (ture vocal fold) |
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Glottis |
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Vestibular fold (false vocal fold) |
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Lung |
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-Surface |
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-Costal surface |
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-Medial surface |
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-Diaphragmatic surface |
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-Left: 2 lobes |
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-Cranial lobe |
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-Caudal lobe |
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-Right: 4 lobes |
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-Cranila lobe |
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-Middle lobe |
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-Caudal lobe |
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-Accessory lobe |
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-Root of lung 肺門 |
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-Bronchi |
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-Pulmonary a. |
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-Pulmonary v. |
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-Bronchial a. |
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Thoracic cavity |
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-Mediastinum縱隔 |
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-Pleural cavity肋膜腔 |
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Pleura胸膜 |
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1.Parietal pleura壁層胸膜: line the walls of the thoracic cavity |
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-Costal pleura肋胸膜 |
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-Mediastinal pleura縱膈胸膜 |
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-Diaphragmatic pleura橫膈胸膜 |
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-Recess隱窩 |
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-Costomediastinal recess肋縱膈隱窩 |
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-Costodiaphragmatic recess 肋橫膈隱窩 |
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2.Viseral pleura臟層胸膜(pulmonary pleura): cover the lungs |
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3.Pleural cavity胸膜腔 |
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Urinary system |
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-Kidney |
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-Ureter |
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-Urinary bladder |
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-Urethra |
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Kidney |
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-Capsule |
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-Hilus腎門 |
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-Renal a. |
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-Renal v. |
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-Ureter 輸尿管 |
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-Cortex皮質 |
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-Nephron腎元 |
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-Medulla髓質 |
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-Renal pyramid腎錐體—dark
structures |
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-Renal papilla腎乳突 |
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-Minor calyx小腎盞 |
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-Major calyx大腎盞 |
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-Renal pelvis腎盂 |
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Renal sinus腎竇 |
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Nephron腎元 |
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-Renal glomerulus絲球體 |
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-Proximal convoluted tubule近曲小管 |
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-Loop of henle亨利氏管 |
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-Distal convoluted tubule遠曲小管 |
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Urinary bladder |
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-Shape |
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-Apex (median umbilical lig.) |
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-Body |
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-Neck |
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-Detrusor m.逼尿肌
(smooth m.) |
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-Trigone膀胱三角 |
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-Ureter |
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-Urethral |
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-Internal urethral sphincter m. |
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-External urethral sphincter m. |
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Fixation of bladder: |
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-Lateral vesical lig.膀胱側韌帶 |
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-Medial vesical lig.膀胱正中韌帶 |
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-Median umbilical lig. |
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Internal urethral orifice ---opening of urethra
to bladder |
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External urethral orifice---opening seen from
outside the body |
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Suburethral diverticulum尿道下憩室
(cow) |
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Cloaca泄殖腔 |
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- Urorectal septum |
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à anal membrane |
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à urogenital membrane |
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Male reproductive system |
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-Testis 睪丸（LP） |
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-Epididymis副睪 |
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-Ductus deferentes輸精管 |
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-(Ejaculatory duct射精管) |
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-Urethra尿道 |
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-Accessory reproductive glands |
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-Ampullary gland壺腹腺 |
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-Seminal vesical貯精囊 |
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-Prostate gland前列腺 |
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-Bulbourethral gland尿道球腺 |
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Spermatid cord |
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-Spermatid fascia |
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-Testis a. |
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-Pampiniform plexus蔓狀叢 |
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-Lymphatic duct, n. |
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-Ductus deferens輸精管 |
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-Tunica vaginalis鞘膜 |
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-Vaginal process鞘突 |
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Accessory genital glands |
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-Ampullary gland壺腹腺 |
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-Seminal vesicle貯精囊 |
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-Prostatic gland前列腺 |
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-Bulbourethral gland尿道球腺 |
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Penis |
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-Corpus carvernosum陰莖海綿体 |
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-Corpus spongiosum尿道海綿体 |
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-Os penis陰莖骨 (dog
only) |
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Female genital system |
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-Ovary卵巢 |
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-Uterine tube輸卵管 |
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-Uterus子宫 |
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-Vagina陰道 |
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-Vulva陰戶 |
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-Clitoris陰核 |
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-Mammary gland |
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Uterine tube |
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-Fimbriae繖部 |
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-Infundibulum漏斗部 |
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-Uterine opening |
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Uterus |
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-Fundus子宫底 |
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-Body子宫体 |
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-Cervis子宫頸 |
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-Cervical canal |
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-Uterus duplex 雙子宫 |
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-Uterus bicornis 雙子宫角子宫 |
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-Uterus simplex 單子宫 |
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Vulv陰戶 |
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Labia陰唇 |
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Vestibular bulb前庭球
(à bulb of
penis) |
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Clitoris陰核
(àGlans
penis) |
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Fossa clitoridis陰核窩 |
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Clitoris陰核 |
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-Crura clitoridis陰核腳 |
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-Glands clitoridis陰核龜頭 |
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-Vestibular bulb前庭球 |
