Trinity Truth

“For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness in earth, the Spirit, and the water, and the blood: and these three agree in one.” (1Jo. 5:7-8, kjv)

If we were forced to sum up the doctrine of the Trinity in one single verse of scripture, then 1John 5:7 would be the obvious choice, but opponents of the Trinity argue that this verse was not in any of the Greek manuscripts before the 10^th Century.  The truth is that the vast majority of Trinitarian scholars would support this claim as well, based on the textual evidence.  We shall examine some of the evidence that supports its inclusion into English translations such as the King James Version as well as the support for its exclusion from more modern translations such as the New American Standard Bible or the New International Version.

First we must ask if the Johannine Comma (1Jo. 5:7-8) has appeared prior to the tenth century in any early manuscripts or writings.

Bruce Metzger in his Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament says, 

“The passage is quoted in none of the Greek Fathers, who, had they known it, would most certainly have employed it in the Trinitarian controversies (Sabellian and Arian). Its first appearance in Greek is in a Greek version of the (Latin) Acts of the Lateran Council in 1215… The passage is absent from the manuscripts of all ancient versions (Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, Ethiopic, Arabic, Slavonic), except the Latin; and it is not found (a) in the Old Latin in its early form (Tertullian Cyprian Augustine), or in the Vulgate (b) as issued by Jerome ... or (c) as revised by Alcuin...”[i]

As early as 250, Cyrian is quoted as saying,  

“The Lord says, ‘I and the Father are one’; and again it is written of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, ‘And these three are one.’”[ii]

This quote can be used as support for 1John 5:7 appearing earlier than the 10^th century, but it cannot be said for certain if 1John 5:7 as it appears in the King James Version of the Bible is what was quoted.  It is clear that Cyprian understood the passage to speak of the Trinity, no one can dispute that.  What is in question is if the phrase, “…the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost (o pathr o logoV kai to agion pneuma)…”" appeared in the text that he was quoting. 

Textual critic Daniel D. Wallace in his article, The Comma Johanneum and Cyprian said,

“Thus, that Cyprian interpreted 1 John 5:7-8 to refer to the Trinity is likely; but that he saw the Trinitarian formula in the text is rather unlikely.” [Italics his][iii]

Dr. Wallace is not casting doubt on the validity of the doctrine of the Trinity or its presence in scripture by saying this, but what he is saying is that the specific formula which exists in the wording of the Comma was not necessarily present in the text Cyprian was reading.

Modern translations as well as all Greek manuscripts contain the phrase, “…And these three are one (kai outoi oi treiV en eisin)…” while the former is omitted in all but 8 manuscripts.  Textually speaking this is not a very compelling argument for the inclusion of the Johannine Comma.

Bruce Metzger once again comments saying,

“The passage is absent from every known Greek manuscript except eight, and these contain the passage in what appears to be a translation from a late recension of the Latin Vulgate. Four of the eight manuscripts contain the passage as a variant reading written in the margin as a later addition to the manuscript. The eight manuscripts are as follows:

·        61: codex Montfortianus, dating from the early sixteenth century.

·        88: a variant reading in a sixteenth century hand, added to the fourteenth-century codex Regius of Naples.

·        221: a variant reading added to a tenth-century manuscript in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.

·        429: a variant reading added to a sixteenth-century manuscript at Wolfenbüttel.

·        629: a fourteenth or fifteenth century manuscript in the Vatican.

·        636: a variant reading added to a sixteenth-century manuscript at Naples.

·        918: a sixteenth-century manuscript at the Escorial, Spain.

·        2318: an eighteenth-century manuscript, influenced by the Clementine Vulgate, at Bucharest, Rumania.”[iv]

This is not to say that the phrase has never appeared in any earlier manuscripts, but it does say that we do not have evidence of such.  We do however have a few quotes that would seem to support its existence prior to the 10^th century.

Jehovah’s Witness founder C.T. Russell in his 1899 work entitled, The Atonement Between God and Man said,

“It is therefore not denied by scholars, without respect to denominational proclivities, that the spurious words were inserted to give support to the doctrine of the Trinity […] The spurious words were no doubt interpolated by some over-zealous monk, who felt sure of the doctrine himself […] The monk-scribe or priest who committed this forgery, apparently about the beginning of the seventh century, has much to answer for, in his addition to the Word of God…”[v]

That the words in 1John 5:7 are spurious is not in question, as the majority of Trinitarian scholars readily affirm that they were a later addition.  But now we must ask if Russell was truthful in his evaluation of who added the phrase and why he added it.  Russell claims a monk/scribe added the phrase in the beginning of the seventh century in order to support the doctrine of the Trinity.  The truth is that in 380 (near the end of the 4^th century), Priscillian, the bishop of Avila quoted the Johannine Comma as being part of the actual text of 1John.  This is interesting because he was considered a heretic by the Church for his views, which were influenced by Gnosticism and Manichaeism, as well as Sabellianism.  Observe what he said in his Liber Apologeticus,

“As John says ‘and there are three which give testimony on earth, the water, the flesh the blood, and these three are in one, and there are three which give testimony in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Spirit, and these three are one in Christ Jesus.’”[vi]

If we look closely then we will notice that Priscillian quoted the comma words, “in Christ Jesus.”  This was done no doubt to support his Sabellian (modalistic) doctrine.  Priscillian espoused what we call today modalism or oneness theology.  That is, he believed that God was one person as opposed to three and that he assumed different roles or modes instead of having distinct personalities.   This line of thought leads the modalist to understand Colossians 2:9 which says in reference to Jesus, “For in him dwelleth all the fullness of the Godhead bodily,” to mean that Jesus is the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.  This seems a fitting reason for his particular wording of the passage.  Many scholars credit Priscillian’s students with the insertion of the “Three Heavenly Witnesses” into scripture and not simply the last three words, “in Christ Jesus.”[vii]  So it would seem that Russell’s claim is false as to the timing and reason for the insertion of the comma.  We have no way to know if Russell had access to this information and was simply playing guessing games, or if he had been presented with it and simply rejected it in favor of a revisionist history.  To lend more support to the origin of the Comma pre-dating the seventh century, there are a few other quotes that may be offered.

Pre-Seventh Century Quotes

African bishop Victor Vitensis quoted the Comma between 484-85 in the Historia Persecutionis Africanae Provinciae, saying,

"there are three which bear testimony in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Spirit, and these three are one."[viii]

In 546 St. Jerome said in the Prologue to the Canonical Epistles preserved in the Vulgate Codex Fuldensis 

“…according to the rule of truth, so these Epistles I have restored to their proper order; which, if arranged agreeably to the original text, and faithfully interpreted in Latin diction, would neither cause perplexity to the readers, nor would the various readings contradict themselves, especially in that place where we read the unity of the Trinity laid down in the Epistle of John. In this I found translators (or copyists) widely deviating from the truth; who set down in their own edition the names only of the three witnesses, that is, the Water, Blood, and Spirit; but omit the testimony of the Father, the Word, and the Holy Spirit; by which, above all places, the Divinity of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit is proved to be one.”[ix]

So in essence, St. Jerome was saying that for whatever reason, translators were leaving out the Johannine Comma from their translations.  There is an air of conspiracy theory in this quote, yet he speaks as if this is a known fact.  This is difficult to believe considering how central the teaching of the Trinity is to the Christian faith.  It is an essential doctrine that must be believed (although not necessarily understood) for one to be saved.  It boils down to this… Are we to accept the word of St. Jerome or rely upon the body of evidence that exists?  It should also be mentioned that according to the source from which I received this quote, many scholars believe the quote to not have been St. Jerome’s personal writing.

Post-Seventh Century Quotes

Isidore of Seville quoted 1John 5:7 around the year 636 in his work, Testimonia Divinae Scripturae,

In 1382 John Wycliffe produced the first English Bible the world had ever seen.  In the 1395 addition of this Bible the Johannine Comma appears in Old English as thus,

“For thre ben, that yyuen witnessing in heuene, the Fadir, the Sone, and the Hooli Goost; and these thre ben oon.”

There are other quotes, Late Latin manuscripts, and English translations of the Bible in which the passage in question appears, but I feel that this information has been sufficient to prove that the passage did exist prior to the 10^th century.  Although it has not appeared in any Greek manuscripts before then, it is safe to say that the quote was known and at least believed to be genuine by many. 

So just how did this verse appear in our Bibles?

The answer is that a Catholic priest and scholar by the name of Erasmus in the year 1516 produced a printed Greek Bible with his Latin version parallel to it which came to be known as the Textus Receptus (Lat. Received Text).  He produced this translation from about half a dozen late Greek manuscripts and the Latin Vulgate.  Because the manuscripts were incomplete Erasmus chose to render certain passages from the Latin back into Greek and include them in his text.  This Bible was very successful and soon sold out by 1519.  Another printing was produced that corrected many of the errors of the original work (but certainly not all of them) and neither of these first two printings contained the Johannine Comma.  His third edition of 1522 did however contain the verses in question.  These were derived from the recently written 61 Codex Montfortianus (mentioned above in Dr. Metzger’s quote).  Subsequently, the Johannine Comma has found its way into nearly every Textus Receptus since.

Why does this matter? 

The truth is that it doesn’t.  I can personally testify that I believe what the verse says no matter what version of the Bible I read.  This is a point in which people can disagree without having to be divisive.  Another fact to consider is that if this passage is indeed an addition (which it overwhelmingly appears to be) then the early church would have had no access to it, yet they still arrived at the doctrine of the Trinity.  The earliest patristic writings certainly speak of the Trinity while clear and concise theological definitions were given to the doctrine in the 4^th and 5^th centuries at the councils of Nicaea and Constantinople, as well as in the Athanasian Creed.  That being said, the doctrine of the Trinity like any other biblical doctrine is not proven or founded upon a single verse of scripture.  The Bible makes it clear that at least two or three witnesses are required to establish a matter.

Two or Three Witnesses

“One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.” (Deut. 19:15)

“But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established.” (Mat. 18:16)

“This is the third time I am coming to you. In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established.” (2Cor. 13:1)

The Need for Agreement

As important as two or three witnesses are, they are still not enough… No… The witnesses no matter how many cannot conflict in their testimony.  They must be in agreement with absolutely nothing to the contrary.  The prophet Amos posed the question, “Can two walk together, except they be agreed?” (Am. 3:3).  We see this at Jesus trial before the High Priest, Chief Priests, Elders, and Scribes.  Look at how Mark put it.

“And the chief priests and all the council sought for witness against Jesus to put him to death; and found none. For many bare false witness against him, but their witness agreed not together. And there arose certain, and bare false witness against him, saying, We heard him say, I will destroy this temple that is made with hands, and within three days I will build another made without hands. But neither so did their witness agree together.” (Mk. 14:55-59)

It didn’t matter how many false witnesses there were to accuse Jesus; they were not in agreement.  There was not sufficient cause to yet condemn him.  Observe how the story progresses,

“And the high priest stood up in the midst, and asked Jesus, saying, Answerest thou nothing? What is it which these witness against thee? But he held his peace, and answered nothing. Again the high priest asked him, and said unto him, Art thou the Christ, the Son of the Blessed? And Jesus said, I am: and ye shall see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven. Then the high priest rent his clothes, and saith, What need we any further witnesses? Ye have heard the blasphemy: what think ye? And they all condemned him to be guilty of death.” (Mk. 14:60-64)

It wasn’t until Jesus was asked directly and answered himself, that he was condemned.  This principle applies to scripture as well.  One witness or a hundred contradictory witnesses is not sufficient to establish a doctrine.  The Trinity is a doctrine that is taught throughout the Bible.  In the next section [we] will [review] a list of scriptures that shows this clearly.