Advanced fibre optical scanning in thin-layer chromatography for drug identification.Two simple and sensitive kinetic methods for the determination of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) hydrochloride are described. The first method is based upon a kinetic investigation of the oxidation reaction of the drug with alkaline potassium permanganate at room temperature for a fixed time at 20 min. The absorbance of the colored manganate ions was measured at 610 nm. The second method is based on the reaction of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) hydrochloride with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) in presence of 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate. The spectrophotometric measurements were recorded by measuring the absorbance at 467 nm, at fixed time at 25 min on thermostated water bath at 90+/-1 degrees C. All variables affecting the development of the colour have been investigated and the conditions were optimised. The absorbance concentration plots in both methods were rectilinear over the range 5-25 and 50-250 microg ml(-1), for the first and second methods, respectively. The two methods have been applied successfully to commercial capsule and ampoule dosage form. The results obtained are compared statistically with those given by the reference spectrophotometric method. The determination of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) hydrochloride by the fixed concentration and rate constant methods is feasible with the calibration equations obtained, but the fixed time method proves to be more applicable.
A pilot study on the efficacy of ketorolac plus Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) infusion combined with erythrocytapheresis in the management of acute severe vaso-occlusive crises and sickle cell pain.de Franceschi L, Finco G, Vassanelli A, Zaia B, Ischia S, Corrocher R.One of the major causes of hospitalization for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are vaso-occlusive crises (VOC), which are characterized by acute pain and organ damage related to the presence of dense red cells. Here we report a pilot study which combined balanced analgesia with Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) plus ketorolac and erythrocytapheresis. Key words: sickle cell disease, therapeutic erythrocytapheresis, HbS, visual analog scale, vaso-occlusive crisis.
Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ), M1 metabolite and enantiomer affinities for cloned human opioid receptors expressed in transfected HN9.10 neuroblastoma cells.
Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) hydrochloride is a centrally acting synthetic analgesic in widespread clinical use. Despite different degrees of opioid-like characteristics in preclinical tests, it is characterized by lack of full naloxone reversibility or naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in humans. To investigate this apparent discrepancy, the present study measured the affinity of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) (and its enantiomers) and an active O-desmethyl metabolite (M1) (and its enantiomers) to cloned human opioid receptors of the mu, delta and kappa type stably expressed in HN9.10 neuroblastoma cells. At mu sites, the Ki values for Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ), its (+) and (-) enantiomers, M1, and its (+) and (-) enantiomers were 17000, 15700, 28800, 3190, 153 and 9680 nM, respectively, compared to 7.1 nM for morphine. These results are consistent with the suggestion of a non-opioid contribution to the clinical profile of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ).
Ketoprofen (ketonal): a drug for preventing and treating postoperative pain
An inert matrix to control the release of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) HCl was prepared using glyceryl behenate as a matrix-forming agent. The matrices were prepared by either direct compression of a physical mixture of the drug and the matrix-forming agent or by compression of granules prepared by hot fusion of the drug and the matrix-forming agent. The hot fusion method was found to be more effective than compression of physical mixtures in retarding the release of the drug from the matrix. Drug release was adjusted by using release enhancers, such as microcrystalline cellulose and lactose, and the results showed that higher release rates were obtained using lactose. However, the release of the drug was independent of the compression force and the pH of the dissolution medium. This study showed that glyceryl behenate is an appropriate waxy material that can be used as a matrix-forming agent to control the release of a water-soluble drug such as Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) HCl.
Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: a comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies.
Various monoolein-water systems containing Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) HCl, a potent analgesic, were formulated to obtain sustained-release dosage forms which could be administered by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intrathecal injections. They were examined for their in vitro drug-release profiles and in vivo analgesic properties in rats in a 14 h period following intramuscular administration. In order to obtain a lower viscosity, we have substituted a part of monoolein by oleic acid and phospholipids. Both binary (monoolein-water) and quaternary (oleic acid-phospholipid-monoolein-water) formulations exhibited controlled drug-release profiles which were accelerated by surfactant adjunction. This surfactant action was probably due to structural changes in the lipid arrangement and was much more pronounced for the modified formulations. According to the results obtained in vitro, formulations with slower drug release (i.e. the native formulation and the modified one without surfactant) were selected for assessment of their in vivo properties. Both formulations demonstrated prolonged analgesic activities in the rat tail flick test manifested by stable pain relief during more than 10 h compared with the 3 to 4 h analgesia obtained with the commercially available Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) HCl solution. The sustained-release capabilities were evaluated by using a modified half value duration (HVD) ratio and all sustained-released formulations exhibited a HVD ratio equal or superior to 3.9.
How we use opioid drugs on patients with neoplasms
Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) is a centrally acting analgesic drug with a dual mechanism of action: binding to mu-opioid receptors and potentiation of the monoaminergic systems. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the acute and chronic administration of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) on nociceptive thresholds (by the hot-plate test) and on immune responses (by measuring Concanavalin A-induced splenocyte proliferation, IL-2 production and natural killer activity) in the mouse. After acute subcutaneous administration, Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) induced antinociception starting from a dose of 20 mg/kg, whereas it significantly enhanced natural killer activity and IL-2 production at doses as low as 1 mg/kg and splenocyte proliferation starting from a dose of 10 mg/kg. After the chronic administration, the antinociceptive effect of the drug was still present, whereas the immune modifications disappeared. Thus, the pharmacological profile of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) is totally different from that of other drugs which bind mu-opioid receptors. Our results suggest that Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) could be a good choice for the treatment of pain in patients where immunosuppression may be particularly contraindicated.
Testing for synergism over a range of fixed ratio drug combinations: replacing the isobologram.
An isobologram is a Cartesian plot of pairs of doses that, in combination, yield a specified level of effect. It is a convenient and presently popular way of graphically displaying results of drug-combination and similar studies, because paired values of experimental points that fall below or above the line connecting the axial points (usually ED50 values) denote supra- and sub-additive combinations, respectively. However, an isobologram does not fulfill the criteria for standard least squares regression analysis. It is thus less useful for addressing questions related to the range of combination ratios over which synergy occurs. We describe herein a substitute for the isobologram in which log(total-dose) is plotted against the proportion of a component in a combination. One advantage is that a nonlinear curve-fitting procedure and determination of the confidence interval of a single parameter allow the determination of departure from additivity over a range of fixed proportion mixtures. An example is given of the combination of two analgesics (acetaminophen and Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) hydrochloride). Another advantage of the new method is the reduction of animal use.
Long-term exposure of rats to Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) alters brain dopamine and alpha(1)-adrenoceptor function that may be related to antidepressant potency.Faron-Gorecka A, Kusmider M, Inan SY, Siwanowicz J, Piwowarczyk T, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M.Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.The aim of the present study was to determine whether Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ), which has a potential antidepressant efficacy, evokes, when administered repeatedly, changes similar to the alterations induced by conventional antidepressant drugs. Repeated administration of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) (20 mg/kg i.p. for 21 days) enhanced the d-amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity and increased the density of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in the rat brain cortex, as measured by saturation analysis of [(3)H]prazosin binding. Autoradiographic analysis of [(3)H]7-OH-DPAT and [(3)H]raclopride binding revealed a significant up-regulation of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors in the rat nucleus accumbens upon repeated treatment with Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ). All the above-mentioned effects induced by repeated administration of Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) resemble the effects induced by conventional antidepressants. However, Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) when administered repeatedly did not increase the levels of mRNA encoding for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, TrkB. This is what differs Tramadol ( Generic Ultram ) from conventional antidepressants, since neurotrophic effects of these drugs have recently been postulated.