Mortgages in real estate

In recent years, many economists have recognized that the lack of effective real estate laws can be a significant barrier to investment in many developing countries. In most societies, rich or poor, a significant fraction of the total wealth is in the form of land and buildings. In most advanced economies, the main source of capital used by individuals and small companies to purchase and improve land and buildings is mortgage loans --bank loans for which the real property itself constitutes collateral. Banks are willing to make such loans at favorable rates in large part because, if the borrower does not make payments, the lender can foreclose by filing a court action that lets them take back the property and sell it to get their money back. But in many developing countries there is no effective means by which a lender could foreclose, so the mortgage loan industry, as such, either does not exist at all or is only available to members of privileged social classes.

What is Mortgage ?

Mortgage is the generic term for a loan secured by a real property. As with other types of loans, mortgages have an interest rate and are scheduled to amortize over a set period of time; typically 30 years. All types of real property can, and usually are, secured with a mortgage and bear an interest rate that is supposed to reflect the lender's risk.

Mortgage lending is the primary mechanism used in many countries to finance private ownership of residential property. For commercial mortgages see the separate article. Although the terminology and precise forms will differ from country to country, the basic components tend to be similar:

• Property: the physical residence being financed. The exact form of ownership will vary from country to country, and may restrict the types of lending that are possible.
• Mortgage: the security created on the property by the lender, which will usually include certain restrictions on the use or disposal of the property (such as paying any outstanding debt before selling the property).
• Borrower: the person borrowing who either has or is creating an ownership interest in the property.
• Lender: any lender, but usually a bank or other financial institution.
• Principal: the original size of the loan, which may or may not include certain other costs; as any principal is repaid, the principal will go down in size.
• Interest: a financial charge for use of the lender's money.
• Foreclosure or repossession: the possibility that the lender has to foreclose, repossess or seize the property under certain circumstances is essential to a mortgage loan; without this aspect, the loan is arguably no different from any other type of loan.

Many other specific characteristics are common to many markets, but the above are the essential features. Governments usually regulate many aspects of mortgage lending, either directly (through legal requirements, for example) or indirectly (through regulation of the participants or the financial markets, such as the banking industry), and often through state intervention (direct lending by the government, by state-owned banks, or sponsorship of various entities). Other aspects that define a specific mortgage market may be regional, historical, or driven by specific characteristics of the legal or financial system.

What is Remortgage ?

Remortgage (also known as refinancing) is paying off one mortgage with the proceeds from a new mortgage using the same property as security. Remortgaging does not usually involve moving home or taking out a second mortgage on the property; it is in effect the transfer of a mortgage from one lender to another. Homeowners may choose to remortgage for various reasons, including to reduce the size of repayments, to pay off a mortgage earlier, to raise capital, or to consolidate other debts.

What is a 'non-conforming', 'sub prime' or 'adverse credit' mortgage? 

These are the mortgage types designed for people who do not qualify for a mainstream (classic) mortgage from lenders. For example, if the person have had credit problems in the past or have difficulty proving a regular or reliable income. 

Who can you get an adverse credit mortgages from?

You can find a great number of lenders offering adverse credit mortgages on the internet, in the personal finance pages of a newspaper or through mortgage magazines sold in newsagents. Some lenders only offer adverse credit mortgages through a mortgage intermediary or mortgage broker. As there are lots of different mortgages designed to suit individual circumstances, you may wish to use a mortgage broker who gives advice and who will be able to recommend a suitable product for you.