The Sulu Sultans
-
Sultan Jamal
ul-Azam.
He was a son of
Muhammad Fadl and he ascended the throne in 1862. His seal carries
the year 1279 A.H. He died on April 7, 1881. He was known to the
Spaniards and Sulus as Jamalul Alam. The khutbahs assert that he
was well known (probably in the sense that he had dealings with various
European powers), that he fought the white men, that he helped orphans,
that he aided the ulama financially, and that he introduced the
hadd law concerning theft.
-
Sultan Badar ud-Din
II. He
was a son of Jamal ul-Azam and became sultan in 1881. He died a
relatively young man on February 22, 1884. All the khutbahs
seen by the author (Dr. Majul) were finalized not later than the reign of
this sultan; consequently no information can be given about those
characteristics about him that were considered admirable or significant to
the Sulus. However, a kitab gives the information that he was kind
and perform the hajj.
-
Sultan Harun
al-Rashid.
He was a descendant of
Azim ud-Din I, through Datu Putong, a son. Spanish intrigues led to his
proclamation as sultan by a few datus in 1886, although earlier in
1884, Amirul Kiram, a younger brother of Badar ud-Din II, had already been
proclaimed sultan. On September 24, 1886, Harun ar-Rashid went to Manila
where he was sworn in as sultan before the highest Spanish officials. He
never really had the support of the majority of the Sulus who generally
Amirul Kiram as sultan especially when the latter was able to overthrow
Datu Ali ud-Din, a pretender to the throne. When it became apparent that
he no longer served any purpose to Spanish officials, Harun ar-Rashid was
persuaded to abdicate in 1894. This was a tacit admission on the
part of Spanish authorities that Amirul Kiram was the real sultan of Sulu.
Harun ar-Rashid retired to Palawan where he died in April 1899.
-
Sultan Jamal
ul-Kiram II.
He was a younger
brother of Badar ud-Din II. He was proclaimed sultan by his followers in
1884, not long after the death of his older brother. While rajah
muda, he was called Amirul Kiram. His proclaimation as sultan wa
contested by datu Ali ud-Din, a grandson of Sultan Shakirullah, but to no
avail. Ali ud-Din was forced to flee to Basilan. It was Harun ar-Rashid
who tried to mediate between Amirul Kiram and Ali ud-Din until the
Spaniards thought it expedient to have Harun ar-Rashid to sultan himself.
The Spaniards were led eventually to deal with Jamal ul-Kiram II as the
sultan of Sulu in spite of his repeated refusal to go to Manila on a state
visit. Jamal ul-Kiram II died on June 7, 1936. He can be considered
to have been sultan from 1884 to 1936, despite the fact that
in 1915, he virtually surrendered his political powers to the United
States government under the so-called Carpenter’s Agreement.
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