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Department of the Army Pamphlet 700–48 Logistics

Handling Procedures for Equipment Contaminated with Depleted Uranium or Radioactive Commodities

Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 27 September 2002

UNCLASSIFIED

SUMMARY of CHANGE

DA PAM 700–48

Handling Procedures for Equipment Contaminated with Depleted Uranium or Radioactive Commodities

This revision, dated 27 September 2002--

o Updates office through out.

o Removes the obsolete publication, AR 385-11.

o Adds technical references TM 3-6665-343-10, TM 3-6665-321-12&P,and TB 3-6665-321-30.

This new Department of the Army pamphlet, dated 3 December 1999,--

o Delineates actions as a result of combat and non-combat situations (chap2).

o Prescribes guidance for conducting surveys and decontamination of Army fielded radioactive commodities (chap 4).

o Prescribes guidance for handling foreign equipment that may be contaminated (chap 5).

o Describes the functions of the Army Contaminated Equipment Retrograde Team (ACERT).

Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 27 September 2002

                                                                             

Logistics

Handling Procedures for Equipment Contaminated with Depleted Uranium or Radioactive Commodities  *Department of the Army Pamphlet 700–48

H i s t o r y . T h i s p u b l i c a t i o n i s a n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e v i s i o n . T h e p o r t i o n s affected by this administrative revision are listed in the Summary of Change.

S u m m a r y . T h i s p a m p h l e t p r e s c r i b e s handling procedures for equipment contaminated with Depleted Uranium (DU) a n d / o r o t h e r l o w - l e v e l r a d i o a c t i v e materials. The policies and procedures regarding the management of contaminated equipment are prescribed in AR 700-48.

Applicability. This pamphlet applies to Department of the Army (DA) commands, installations, and activities. This includes the U.S. Army Reserve (USAR) and the Army National Guard of the United States (ARNGUS). This pamphlet remains applicable to DA personnel deployed to either h u m a n i t a r i a n o r p e a c e k e e p i n g m i s s i o n s where the degree of readiness to respond to hostile fire requires the availability of radioactive commodities, such as depleted uranium ammunition, as a contingency.

Proponent and exception authority.  The proponent of this regulation is the Deputy Chief of Staff, G–4. The DCS, G–4, has authority to approve exceptions to this regulation that are consistent with controlling law and regulation. The DCS, G–4, may delegate this approval authority, in writing, to a division chief within the proponent agency in the grade of colonel or the civilian equivalent.

Suggested Improvements. Users are invited to send comments and suggested improvements to this regulation. Internet u s e r s c a n s e n d i n c o m m e n t s a n d s u g -g e s t e d i m p r o v e m e n t s t h r o u g h t h e e l e c - tronic Department of the Army DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) found within the D C S , G – 4 , r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p a m p h l e t s .  A n y o n e w i t h o u t I n t e r n e t a c c e s s s h o u l d submit comments and suggested improvements on DA Form 2028 directly to Dir  c t o r , U . S . A r m y L o g i s t i c s I n t e g r a t i o n Agency, ATTN: LOIA–AP, 5001 Eisenh o w e r A v e n u e , A l e x a n d r i a , V A 22333–0001.

Distribution. This publication is available in electronic media only and is int e n d e d f o r c o m m a n d l e v e l B f o r t h e Active Army, the Army National Guard of the United States, and the U.S. Army Reserve.

Contents (Listed by paragraph and page number    

Chapter 1                                                                                                   

Introduction, page 1

Purpose • 1–1, page 1

References • 1–2, page 1

Explanation of abbreviations and terms • 1–3, page 1

Deviations • 1–4, page 1

Policy • 1–5, page 1

Summary for Commanders • 1–6, page 1

Chapter 2

Essential Concepts, page 1

Risk Management • 2–1, page 2

Combat Situations • 2–2, page 2

Non-Combat Situations • 2–3, page 3

*This publication supersedes DA Pamphlet 700–48 dated 3 December 1999.

DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002 i

UNCLASSIFIED

Contents—Continued

Requesting Assistance • 2–4, page 3

Chapter 3

Depleted Uranium Contaminated Material, page 7

General • 3–1, page 7

Combat Situations—General Guidelines • 3–2, page 7

Non-Combat Situations—General Guidelines • 3–3, page 8

Chapter 4

Specific Guidelines for Radioactive Commodities Other Than Vehicles, page 8

General • 4–1, page 8

Depleted Uranium Munitions/Damaged Rounds • 4–2, page 8

Tritium Commodities • 4–3, page 9

Chemical Agent Detectors/Monitors • 4–4, page 9

MC-1 Soil Moisture Density Tester • 4–5, page 9

RADIAC Calibrators Containing Strontium (AN/UDM-2) or Plutonium (AN/UDM-6) • 4–6, page 10

Night Vision Devices Containing Thorium • 4–7, page 11

Radium Devices • 4–8, page 11

Chapter 5

Foreign Or Captured Items Containing Radioactive Material, page 11

General • 5–1, page 11

Handling Guidelines • 5–2, page 11

War Trophies • 5–3, page 12

Appendixes

A. References, page 13

B. Health Effects of Radiation, page 15

C. General Survey/Decontamination Tips and Techniques, page 17

D. Information Specific to Depleted Uranium Contaminated Vehicles, page 26

E. Suggestions for Commanders, page 27

F. Army Contaminated Equipment Retrograde Team, page 30

G. U.S. Army Radiological Control (RADCON) Team, page 31

H. U.S. Army Radiological Advisory Medical Team (RAMT), page 31

I. Radioactive Commodities Contamination Concerns, page 32

J. Recommended Maximum Free Release Limits for Radioactive Contamination, page 33

K. Suggested Supplies, page 33

Table List

Table 2–1: Retrograde Conditions, page 7

Table J–1: SURFACE RADIOACTIVITY VALUES1,2 IN DPM/100 CM^2, page 33

Figure List

Figure 2–1: Flow Chart for Retrograde Material Condition 1, page 4

Figure 2–2: Flow Chart for Retrograde Material Condition 2, page 5

Figure 2–3: Flow Chart for Retrograde Material Condition 3, page 6

Figure C–1: Flow Instructions for completing DA FORM 7399, Survey/Decontamination Record, page 20

Figure C–1: Flow Instructions for completing DA FORM 7399, Survey/Decontamination Record—Continued, page 21

Figure C–2: Flow Instructions for completing DA FORM 7400, Record of Area/Equipment Survey, page 22

ii DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002

Contents—Continued

Figure C–2: Flow Instructions for completing DA FORM 7400, Record of Area/Equipment Survey—Continued, page 23

Figure C–3: Instructions for completing DA FORM 7401, Radioactive Commodity Report, page 24

Figure C–3: Instructions for completing DA FORM 7401, Radioactive Commodity Report—Continued, page 25

Glossary

DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002 iii

                                                                                                       

Chapter 1

Introduction

1–1. Purpose

This pamphlet provides specific guidance on the handling of U.S. and foreign equipment that may have been contaminated with radioactive materials as a result of DU munitions/armor or damaged radioactive commodities.

1–2. References

Required and related publications and prescribed and referenced forms are listed in appendix A.

1–3. Explanation of abbreviations and terms

Abbreviations and special terms used in this pamphlet are explained in the glossary.

1–4. Deviations

a. Limit deviations to those from Army standards and procedures. Deviations from Federal and DOD regulations and standards are not authorized.

b. The following personnel may authorize deviations from Army standards and procedures.

(1) Each MACOM commanding general.

(2) The Superintendent, U.S. Military Academy.

(3) The Chief, National Guard Bureau (NGB). (The Chief, NGB may delegate deviation authority to the State Adjutant Generals.)

c. Only personnel listed in paragraph b may approve residual risk levels deemed to be too high or extremely high.  Authority to accept residual risk will be IAW FM 101-5. For the purpose of this regulation, the personnel listed in paragraph b are considered MACOM commanding generals.

d. Grant deviations for one year or less. The respective approval authority may approve deviation renewals provided conditions cited in the original deviation remain the same.

e. Any accident or mishap occurring under an approved deviation will cause automatic termination of the approval until the respective approving authority completes an investigation and revalidates the deviation.

1–5. Policy

Damaged and undamaged Radiologically Contaminated Equipment (RCE) requiring retrograde will be processed consistent with a commander’s assessment of conditions and risks in such a manner as to maximize individual safety and maintain radiation exposure to As Low As Is Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) levels.

1–6. Summary for Commanders

a. The Commander will assume responsibility for risk management based upon the Commander-in-Chief’s (CINC’s) assessment of the risks posed by the operation and the guidance and policies in this regulation.

b. In peacetime, comply with the Nuclear Regulation Commission (NRC) license requirements and all applicable federal, state, Army, and host nation laws (including status of forces (SOFA) agreements), regulations, and policies regarding radioactive materials and contaminated equipment.

c. Emergency medical considerations outweigh radiological contamination concerns. The health and safety of the individual is the primary concern. The condition of injured personnel should be assessed and stabilized prior to considering any decontamination operations.

d. In general, commanders—

(1) Should take prudent measures to keep radiation exposures to all personnel as low as is reasonably achievable consistent with the operational risks.

(2) Ensure that personnel who handle radioactive materials or come in contact with RCE will receive adequate training as specified in paragraph 2-3, AR 700-48, and be trained in the contents of this Pamphlet.

(3) Should make sure that personnel will be monitored during and after working with RCE and retrograde operations.

e. Local commanders will establish accident response teams. Commanders at all levels (including installation) should utilize the trained chemical, medical and maintenance personnel that are on their staffs to formulate response plans for radiological incidents and accidents.

                                                 

Chapter 2

Essential Concepts

Commanders must appoint a Radiation Safety Officer/Radiation Protection Officer/Radiation Protection Staff Officer/Radiation Control Officer (RSO/RPO/RPSO/RCO) at the appropriate unit level. Personnel handling RCE incur a risk of exposure to and contamination from radioactive materials. Proper radiation safety oversight is essential to minimize personnel exposure potential and to ensure proper follow up after the incident is over. In addition to the precautions outlined in this pamphlet personnel handling RCE will ensure that trained personnel conduct radiation safety monitoring.  Such monitoring will include as a minimum, surveys of personnel and equipment used and bioassays to document any exposure by RCE handlers. Consult appendices B, C, D, and E for further information regarding this requirement.

2–1. Risk Management

The risk management process per FM 101-5 will be utilized by commanders throughout the entire retrograde process to ensure that the needs for mission accomplishment, protection of personnel, and proper handling of the contaminated equipment are balanced. This should include:

a. Health Risk Assessments to the degree applicable to the operational environment.

b. Safety Risk Assessments in conjunction with Mission, Enemy, Terrain, Troops, Time (METT-T).

c. Guidance in this pamphlet and AR 700-48.

d. If there is no immediate need to operate or otherwise tamper with RCE, do not do so. The commander determines if RCE will be operated. If operated, workers should be made aware of the risks involved. Action should be delayed as much as possible until appropriate responders can arrive.

2–2. Combat Situations

Contamination from low level radioactive materials will not, in most cases, hinder the use of vehicles and equipment in combat. If otherwise combat ready, RCE should be used to address an imminent threat or other urgent situation.  Attention should be devoted to monitoring personnel and decontaminating RCE after the mission is completed.  Additional handling guidance is listed below for the various steps through which RCE must pass on the way to ultimate disposition. See Chapters 3 and 4 for more specific information.

a. Phase I—IMMINENT THREAT. Imminent Threat includes combat and incidents like fires, spills, or accidental releases involving radioactive materials and mixed waste.

(1) The commander will include operational exposure guidance into all phases of the RCE handling operations using the appropriate operational exposure guidance (see ACE Directive 80-63, FM 3-3-1, Joint Pub 3-11, and TB 9-1300-278).

(2) Vehicles radiologically contaminated from RCE that are otherwise mission ready should be used in an imminent threat situation.

(3) It is critical that radiological contamination incidents or RCE is reported as soon as possible after the situation stabilizes (especially to Battle Damage, Assessment and Repair (BDAR) organizations) to facilitate proper follow up.

b. Phase II—RECOVERY. Recovery includes battlefield damage assessment and repair.

(1) RCE should be recovered separately from non-contaminated material.

(2) All material and work equipment suspected of being radiologically contaminated will be treated as RCE until such a time as it is identified as clean. Work equipment will not be removed prior to a radiological survey.

(3) Recovery personnel should exercise caution while handling damaged material because of unexploded ordnance or contamination. Damaged or destroyed Abrams series Tanks, Bradley Fighting Vehicles, and other vehicles may contain unexploded or damaged ordnance. This ordnance, which may or may not be in its normal configuration, should be handled with extreme caution. Only personnel trained and qualified in explosive operations handling will move or handle these munitions. FAILURE TO FOLLOW THIS GUIDANCE COULD RESULT IN SERIOUS INJURY.

(4) As the equipment is inspected, the appropriate protective equipment should be worn especially if the BDAR mission requires entering systems that have been hit by depleted uranium rounds.

c. Phase III—EVACUATION. Evacuation is the process of physically moving contaminated and damaged material to a collection point or maintenance facility that will perform a more detailed damage assessment and/or repair the material.

(1) Recovery personnel should ensure that the Maintenance Control Point (MCP) is informed of the presence of radiological contamination on the equipment.

(2) Prior to movement, RCE should be covered and wrapped with canvas or plastic tarp to prevent spread of contaminants, personnel exposure, and ensure operational security of classified components during transport.

(a) Double-bag in plastic bags and prominently mark suspected radioactively contaminated items.

(b) Mark the bag with the following information: date, time, location of bagging, suspected isotope, suspected activity of the isotope, and the names of all personnel involved with the material. See appendix C for more information on proper record keeping.

(3) All recovered items should be initially transported to a unit maintenance collection point (UMCP). The higher level MCPs may be in battalion, brigade, division, or corps support areas.

d. Phase IV—RETROGRADE. Retrograde of damaged RCE includes consolidating, cannibalizing, and otherwise assessing the contaminated equipment for disposition or further evacuation. See Figures 2-1 through 2-3 for retrograde process flow diagrams, and associated unit/command actions and functions for contaminated equipment.

2 DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002

(1) The Army Contaminated Equipment Retrograde Team (ACERT) may provide on-site technical assistance for retrograde during operations, see appendix F for more information on the ACERT. The U.S. Army Radiological Control (RADCON) Team, Appendix G, and the U.S. Army Radiological Advisory Medical Team (RAMT), Appendix H, can help the ACERT perform retrograde, surveying, and decontamination of the RCE.

(2) Retrograde operations may begin further forward but should be completed at the ACERT consolidation point, if one is established. Contact higher headquarters to obtain location of the consolidation point. All damaged and contaminated U.S. material will be consolidated at this location.

(3) Maintenance personnel will complete a detailed assessment of damaged RCE, repair material, cannibalize usable material components, or initiate retrograde operations.

(4) Repairable RCE is removed, decontaminated and repaired, and the remaining material prepared for shipment out of the theater to an USAMC designated location.

e. Phase V—RECLAMATION. Reclamation includes the decontamination of material that could not be decontaminated further forward.

                                                 

2–3. Non-Combat Situations

In non-combat situations, RCE should not be used until decontaminated. Steps to isolate RCE, contain any release, and protect personnel from further radioactive contamination should be the first priority when an incident occurs. Request help if needed. Abbreviated handling guidance is listed below for handling RCE in peacetime. See chapters 3 and 4 for more specific information.

a. UNIT IMMEDIATE ACTION.

(1) Leave the vehicle or move away from the equipment. If a fire, move upwind at least 100M.

(2) Contact the Unit RPO or the Unit NBC personnel about the incident and document all actions. See appendix C for guidance in preparing documentation of the incident. If additional radiological assistance is needed beyond local capability then go through the chain of command. If no other assistance is available, contact the Army Operations Center (DSN 227-0218 or commercial (703) 697-0218).

b. RECOVERY. Once qualified response personnel are involved, identify and separate radioactive contaminated items. Use protective clothing and equipment as prescribed.

(1) “Double-Bag and Tag” the suspected items. On the bag mark the following information date, time, location of bagging, suspected isotope, suspected activity of the isotope, and the names of all personnel involved with the material.  See appendix C for more information on proper record keeping.

(2) Stay out of vehicles until cleared by radiation survey personnel.

(3) Ensure personnel handling RCE are monitored for radiation exposure.

c. EVACUATION. Transport RCE to a radioactive material collection point, established and operated at the command designated maintenance facility.

(1) Recover separately from non-contaminated material.

(2) Treat all material suspected of being radiologically contaminated as RCE until such a time as it is identified as uncontaminated. Work material and equipment will be considered RCE until properly decontaminated.

d. ROGRADE. Assess items identified as contaminated by radioactive material for the purpose of determining if the item can be decontaminated and then released for use; decontaminated and/or utilize per AR 750-1; or packaged appropriately as radioactive waste and disposed of per all relevant guidance.

(1) All radioactive commodities described in appendix I will be immediately assessed as radioactive waste. Do not open such items that are already adequately packaged. If necessary for transportation, the item will be over-packed.

(2) All non-radioactive commodities that have been turned-in as potentially contaminated will be surveyed by the appropriate means (see Appendix C for General Survey Tips and Techniques), and then either decontaminated and released for use or disposal as a normal item or packaged as radioactive waste.

2–4. Requesting Assistance

Commanders will respond to all incidents involving RCE, either through organic response teams or by requesting assistance through the chain of command. If a unit is not capable of responding to an incident, higher headquarters will orchestrate the appropriate response either through command assets or by requesting outside assistance. See appendices E, F, G and H as sources of assistance and for more detailed information regarding response capabilities and available assets.

DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002 3

Figure 2–1. Flow Chart for Retrograde Material Condition 1

4 DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002

Figure 2–2. Flow Chart for Retrograde Material Condition 2

DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002 5

Figure 2–3. Flow Chart for Retrograde Material Condition 3

6 DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002

Table 2–1

Retrograde Conditions

ON SITE THEATER NRC

CONDITIONS PERSONNEL LRPO RPO LICENSEE ACERT RADCON RAMT

CONDITION 1

Available on site -Expertise -Equipment -Supplies -Procedures -Capacity Secure Site Notify LRPO Assist LRPO -Decon -Package RCE -Ship to Collection Point Notify RPO Direct Actions -Decon -Package RCE -Ship to Collection Point Notify Licensee Provide Technical Expertise Notify NRC As Appropriate Theatre Collection Point as Required Provide Requested Technical Assistance Dispose of Waste Alert if Required Alert if Required

CONDITION 2

Available on site -Expertise -Equipment -Supplies -Procedures -Capacity Secure Site Notify LRPO Assist LRPO-Decon -Package RCE -Ship to Collection Point Notify RPO Monitor Situation Notify Licensee Direct Actions -Decon -Package RCE -Ship to Collection Point Notify NRC As Appropriate Theater Collection Point as Required Provide Requested Technical Assistance Dispose of Waste Alert if Required Alert if Required

CONDITION 3

Beyond Theater’s Ability to Manage Secure Site Notify LRPO Assist ACERT/ RADCON/ RAMT -Decon -Package RCE -Ship to Collection Notify RPO Monitor Situation Notify IOC & Licensee Request ACERT/RADCON/ RAMT Assistance Provide Assistance to ACERT/RADCON/ RAMT Notify NRC As Appropriate Direct Actions-Decon-Package RCE-Ship to Collection Point  Operate Theatre Collection Point as Required Dispose of Waste Direct Surveys/ Risk Assessment As Needed Work with ACERT/RAMT Direct Medical Surveys/ Radiation Exposure Monitoring As Needed Work with ACERT/RADCON

Notes:

1 CONDITION I – Lost, damaged, or broken individual source, captured enemy equipment containing RAM.

2 CONDITION II – Multiple radiological sources involved, suspected personnel exposures, environmental contamination, high volumes of equipment contaminated, teams put on alert by CINC.

3 CONDITION III – Vehicle or tank fire, mass casualties involving RAM exposure, contamination in warehouse/RAM collection point because of explosion/fire.

                                                                                              

Chapter 3

Depleted Uranium Contaminated Material

3–1. General

a. This chapter discusses management of RCE that is contaminated with DU. Additional guidance is included in DA

PAM 40-18.

b. Proper handling of RCE will do the following.

(1) Accommodate the local situation and provide the maximum level of protection to exposed personnel.

(2) Allow safe return of RCE to units as soon as possible.

Note: See Appendices B, C and D for further information on decontamination procedures.

3–2. Combat Situations—General Guidelines

Accidents and fires can result in varying degrees of damage and contamination to vehicles and equipment.

a. In combat, hasty handling and/or decontamination of equipment may be necessary.

DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002 7

b. If the decision is made to re-use the contaminated vehicle due to operational necessity, then the vehicle should be decontaminated at the first opportunity. Personnel using the contaminated vehicle will wear full MOPP gear and be monitored for radiation exposure as soon as practical.

c. If the decision is made to not re-use, then tag the contaminated vehicle for removal as RCE. On the bag mark the following information: date, time, location of bagging, suspected isotope, suspected activity of the isotope, and the names of all personnel involved with the material. See appendix C for more information on proper record keeping.

d. Do not enter the vehicle once operational necessity no longer requires it.

e. Limit the spread of contamination by covering appropriately all contamination with tape or cardboard.

f. Use the chain of command to request radiation survey assistance, if necessary. If assistance is needed beyond the local capability, contact the Army Operations Center (DSN 227-0281 or commercial (703) 697-0281). See Appendix E for further information.

3–3. Non-Combat Situations—General Guidelines

a. The handling of RCE in peacetime is different from that in combat. RCE is subject to federal, state, and, as applicable, host nation regulations and policies with respect to radiation and the environment. Therefore, RCE in noncombat situations should not be reused until checked and decontaminated as necessary. In the event of an incident:

(1) Leave the vehicle. Remain within sight, or, if there is a fire, move upwind at least 100M for non-uploaded vehicles and 2000M for uploaded vehicles (See TB 9-1300-278). Do nothing until the RPO and/or responsible authorities arrive.

(2) Call the unit RPO. Ensure the chain of command is notified to obtain any required assistance.

(3) Under the guidance and management of the RPO or other authority, perform actions to assess and contain any spill or release of radioactive materials. Refer to appendix J for the recommended maximum free release limits for radioactive contamination. Utilize proper protective equipment (see app K for information on equipment and supplies). Bag and Tag any small items or radioactive commodities used in the vehicles if possible. On the bag mark the following information: date, time, location of bagging, suspected isotope, suspected activity of the isotope, and the names of all personnel involved with the material. See appendix C for more information on proper record keeping.

(4) After the incident has been resolved, personnel involved should be monitored for exposure to radiation.

(5) Document the incident as thoroughly as possible for future reference.

b. The RPO will ensure that the appropriate authorities are notified (NRC licensee, state, or host nation).

                                                                                                 

Chapter 4

Specific Guidelines for Radioactive Commodities Other Than Vehicles

Personnel handling RCE incur a risk of exposure to and contamination from radioactive materials. Proper radiation safety oversight is essential to minimize personnel exposure potential and to ensure proper follow up after the incident is over. In addition to the precautions outlined in this pamphlet, personnel handling RCE will ensure that trained personnel conduct radiation safety monitoring. Such monitoring will include as a minimum, surveys of personnel and equipment used and bioassays to document any exposure by RCE handlers. Consult the appendices for further information regarding this requirement.

4–1. General

This chapter provides guidance for immediate action if confronted with Army radioactive commodities that are damaged or destroyed. If there is no immediate need to operate or otherwise tamper with RCE, do not do so. The commander determines if RCE will be operated. If operated, workers should be made aware of the risks involved.  Action should be delayed as much as possible until appropriate responders can arrive.

4–2. Depleted Uranium Munitions/Damaged Rounds

Unfired DU ammunition, in either an unknown or damaged condition should be handled with extreme caution. Only personnel trained and qualified in explosive operations handling will move or handle these munitions. FAILURE TO FOLLOW THIS GUIDANCE COULD RESULT IN SERIOUS INJURY. When handling unfired depleted uranium ammunition that is in an unknown or damaged condition:

a. EOD procedures should be performed, if required.

b. If ammunition appears intact, the DU is probably intact. Perform normal Technical Inspection (TI) and maintenance procedures.

c. If the ammunition appears damaged, perform wipe tests on outside of ammunition and hold wipe (in gloved hand) next to beta probe of the AN/VDR 2. If the meter reads more than twice background, contamination may be present.

(1) Treat as contaminated per the applicable ammunition TM.

(2) Tag the ammunition by marking the following information on it: date, time, location of bagging, suspected isotope, suspected activity of the isotope, and the names of all personnel involved with the material. See Appendix C for more information on proper record keeping.

d. Perform a radiation survey of the area in which damaged systems were stored to rule out any contamination. See appendix J for recommended maximum free release limits for radioactive contamination. Use an AN/VDR-2, or an AN/PDR-77 RADIAC Meter with the beta probe to measure for any radiation levels. Levels more than twice the background indicate potential contamination. Wipe tests should be performed to definitely rule out contamination. Send the wipe tests to the Rock Island Independent Test Laboratory or to your supporting facility with a qualified laboratory.  Addresses are given in Appendix E. Potentially contaminated areas should not be used for unrestricted activities until surveyed and cleared by the RSO.

e. Contact the NRC licensee (HQ IOC, address in App E) for further information.

4–3. Tritium Commodities

a. Before handling items containing tritium, such as fire control azimuths, level gauges, collimators, and muzzle reference sensors:

(1) Put on surgeon’s gloves.

(2) Personnel who regularly inspect or repair tritium devices should have a baseline bioassay to measure for tritium in the urine. Contact the NRC licensee, U.S. Army ACALA (Address in App E), for further information.

b. Check the item to see if the part containing the tritium is glowing. If it is, then at least part of the tritium activity is still present. If it is not, the tritium charge is depleted-assume that the item is contaminated.

c. Place contaminated items in double plastic bags (at least 4 mil thickness). IT IS IMPORTANT NOT TO REMOVE THE ITEM FROM THE PLASTIC BAGS UNTIL THE ITEM REACHES ITS ULTIMATE DESTINATION. ENSURE THE PACKAGE CONTAINING THE ITEM IS MARKED CONTAMINATED. On the bag mark the following information: date, time, location of bagging, suspected isotope, suspected activity of the isotope, and the names of all personnel involved with the material. See Appendix C for more information on proper record keeping.

d. Depending on the decision of the item manager, either send to the appropriate level of repair (based on the technical inspection), or turn into ACERT for disposal as radioactive waste.

e. Potentially contaminated areas should not be used for unrestricted activities until surveyed and cleared by the RSO. Perform a radiation survey of the area in which damaged systems were stored to rule out any contamination, See appendix J for recommended maximum free limits for radioactive contamination. Wipe tests should be performed to definitely rule out contamination. Send the wipe tests to one of the laboratories listed in Appendix E, or to your supporting facility with a qualified laboratory.

f. In CONUS, contact the NRC licensee (HQ ACALA, address in App E) for further information. The applicable TM also contains guidance on handling these devices.

                                                                       

4–4. Chemical Agent Detectors/Monitors

If working with M8A1/M43A1 Chemical Agent Detectors (containing americium 241) or the Chemical Agent Monitors (containing Nickel 63), or the Improved Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM/ICAM) or the M88/M22 Automatic Chemical Agent Alarms) containing nickel 63), follow these procedures:

a. Before handling these items, don plastic gloves.

b. If the items appear intact and unharmed, the radioactive cell(s) are probably intact also. Normal Technical Inspection (TI) procedures should be followed per TM 3-6665-312-12&P, TM 3-6665-312-30&P, TM 3-6665-331-10, TM 3–6665–343–10, TM 3-6665-331-23&P, TM 3–6665–321–12&P, or TB 3–6665–321–30.

c. If the items are damaged, contact the item manager for disposition instructions. Place items in double plastic bags (at least 4 mil thickness). IT IS IMPORTANT NOT TO REMOVE THE ITEM FROM THE PLASTIC BAGS UNTIL THE ITEM REACHES ITS ULTIMATE DESTINATION. ENSURE THE PACKAGE CONTAINING THE ITEM IS MARKED DAMAGED—POTENTIALLY CONTAMINATED. On the bag mark the following information: date, time, location of bagging, suspected isotope, suspected activity of the isotope, and the names of all personnel involved with the material. See Appendix C for more information on proper record keeping.

d. Potentially contaminated areas should not be used for unrestricted activities until surveyed and cleared by the RSO. Perform a radiation survey of the area in which damaged systems were stored to rule out any contamination. Use an AN/VDR-2 or an AN/PDR-77 RADIAC Meter with the probe to measure for any radiation levels. Levels more than twice the background indicate potential contamination. See Appendix J for recommended maximum free release limits for radioactive contamination. Wipe tests should be performed to definitely rule out contamination. Send the wipe tests to your supporting facility with a qualified laboratory. Addresses are given in Appendix E. Potentially contaminated areas should not be used for unrestricted activities until surveyed and cleared by the RSO.

e. Contact the licensee (HQ SBCCOM, address in Appendix E) for further information.

4–5. MC-1 Soil Moisture Density Tester

The MC-1 Soil Moisture Tester contains two radioactive sources, an americium-241 and a cesium-137 source, that could emit hazardous radiation levels if damaged with the source area in the open position. Am-241 is an alpha emitter, which poses no external hazard. However, the americium is combined with beryllium. The Am-241 alphas could cause the mixed beryllium to eject neutrons. So, in addition to containing Cs-137, the MC-1 is a neutron and gamma emitter and is very dangerous. Prior to handling or retrograding any MC-1 Tester, obtain a beta/gamma radiation survey instrument, such as a VDR-2 or PDR-77 as well as a neutron meter if possible, and, after verifying proper operation, approach the tester with the instrument “on” and the probe pointed toward the instrument. If the radiation levels are noticeably above background and rise as the tester is approached, assume the source is open and do not go further. Evacuate the area for a radius of 50 meters and call the RSO for help. Additionally, contact the US Army TACOM for further guidance (Address in App E) if this situation occurs. If working with the MC-1 Soil Moisture Density Tester:

a. Obtain a whole body radiation dosimeter and, if time permits, a neutron dosimeter. If a neutron dosimeter can not be issued, the RSO must annotate the types of sources the whole body dosimeter is exposed to on the “Dosimeter Issue Listing” computer print out. Contact your RSO for assistance.

b. If the tester appears undamaged and the source is locked in the closed position, the tester is probably intact and not contaminated. However, when approaching a tester that has been turned in or abandoned after combat, obtain a beta/gamma radiation survey instrument and a neutron survey meter, if available. After verifying proper operation, approach the tester with the instrument on and the probe pointed toward the instrument.

c. If the levels are less than twice background at 2 meters distance from the source and the levels do not rise dramatically as the tester is approached, then conditions are safe for continued operations. Perform normal TI operations and other handling per TM 5-6635-386-12&P, MC-1 Unit Maintenance Manual.

d. If the radiation levels are above background 2 meters from the source, assume the source is open and do not go further. Evacuate the area and call the RSO for help. The tester should be packaged and shielded as well as possible prior to turn-in. Store in an approved radioactive materials storage area. On the package mark the following information: date, time, location of packaging, suspected isotope, suspected activity of the isotope, and the names of all personnel involved with the material. The package should be surveyed for radiation levels with a VDR-2 or a PDR-77 to ensure safe radiation levels exist in outside the package. See Appendix J for recommended maximum free release limits for radioactive contamination. See TM 5-6665-386-12&P for further information.

e. Once a defective tester has been removed to a proper radioactive materials storage area, the area should be surveyed and cleared by the RSO.

f. Contact the NRC licensee for further information (U.S. Army TACOM, address at Appendix E).

                              

4–6. RADIAC Calibrators Containing Strontium (AN/UDM-2) or Plutonium (AN/UDM-6)

The AN/UDM-6 RADIAC calibrator contains Plutonium-239, a radioactive material that is an alpha emitter and an internal hazard. Pay particular attention to the chance of ingesting Plutonium when working with this item. Do not eat, drink, or smoke when handling this or any other radioactive item. Wear gloves and overgarment when handling this item. The AN/UDM 2 RADIAC calibrator could emit hazardous levels of beta and gamma radiation if the radioactive source is damaged and not properly contained. Prior to handling or retrograding any AN/UDM2 calibrator, obtain a beta/gamma radiation survey instrument and, after verifying proper operation, approach the calibrator with the instrument ’on’ and the beta/gamma probe pointed toward the instrument. If the radiation levels are 2 mR/hr above background and rise as the calibrator is approached, assume the source is damaged and do not go further. Evacuate the area for a radius of 20 meters and call the RSO for help. Contact the US Army CECOM through command channels for further guidance (Address in Appendix E). When handling RADIAC Calibrators containing Strontium (AN/UDM-

2) or Plutonium (AN/UDM-6):

a. RADIAC calibrators that appear undamaged probably contain intact radioactive sources. Nevertheless, caution should still be exercised when handling these items.

b. To evaluate the AN/UDM-6, obtain an alpha radiation survey instrument such as the AN/PDR-77 with alpha probe and verify the instrument’s operation. Measure the radiation levels near the calibrator to determine the radiation level. If the radiation level is less than twice the background level, assume the levels to be safe. See appendix J for recommended maximum free release limits for radioactive contamination. To evaluate the AN/UDM-2, obtain a beta/ gamma survey instrument and verify the instrument’s operation. Measure the radiation levels as you approach the calibrator. If the radiation levels are less than 2 mr/hr, assume that the levels are safe.

c. Wear gloves and an overgarment. Obtain a radiation dosimeter, if one has already not been issued. Contact your RSO to obtain the dosimeter.

d. Perform normal TI procedures and handling per TM 11-6665-227-12 or TB 11-6665-227-12 (AN/UDM-2) or TM

11-6665-248-10 (AN/UDM 6).

e. Calibrators to be turned in for repair or salvage should be double-bagged in thick (at least 4 mil) plastic bags. On the bag mark the following information: date, time, location of bagging, suspected isotope, suspected activity of the isotope, and the names of all personnel involved with the material. See Appendix C for more information on proper record keeping. Send to next level of repair or to theater collection point, whichever applies.

f. Perform a radiation survey of the area to verify that the area is not contaminated in excess of release limits.

g. Contact the licensee (HQ CECOM, address in App E) for further information.

10 DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002

4–7. Night Vision Devices Containing Thorium

a. For handling night vision devices containing thorium:

(1) If the night sight appears unbroken, the thorium coating is probably intact. The radioactive thorium is applied as a thin coating on the surface of the glass to improve its performance.

(2) With broken items, there exists a hazard from broken glass as well as from the radioactive coating on the glass.

(3) Likely problem with these items will involve breakage from combat or over purging. In case of breakage, protection will center on protection of the skin from shards of glass and the respiratory tract from thorium dust.

(4) Wear leather gloves when handling the thorium lenses and, if broken, a dust mask.

(5) Perform TI procedures according to the applicable TM.

(6) Double bag items to be turned in to the next higher level of maintenance or to the theater collection point. On the bag mark the following information, date, time, location of bagging, suspected isotope, suspected activity of the isotope, and the names of all personnel involved with the material. See Appendix C for more information on proper record keeping.

(7) Perform a radiation survey of the area to verify that the area is not contaminated in excess of the release limits listed in Appendix J.

(8) Contact the NRC licensee (HQ CECOM, address in Appendix E) for further information.

4–8. Radium Devices

a. Devices containing radium-226 should not be in the supply system. Radium gives off alpha, beta, and gamma radiation and can emit significant radiation levels.

b. Immediately contact the RSO and IOC for details on how to remove the materials from the supply system.

c. Obtain a whole body dosimeter prior to surveying if possible. See appendix J for recommended maximum free release limits for radioactive contamination.

d. The detectors will pick up significant levels of activity. The commodity should be double bagged and tagged as soon as possible. On the bag mark the following information: date, time, location of bagging, suspected isotope, suspected activity of the isotope, and the names of all personnel involved with the material. Prominently label the packaging and send to IOC. Survey the area using a beta/gamma probe where the commodity was to see if there was any significant contamination.

                                                                                                   

Chapter 5

Foreign Or Captured Items Containing Radioactive Material

5–1. General

a. Radioactive materials have long been used in both U.S. and foreign equipment to facilitate performance. The same kinds of radioactive components (night sights, surge arresters, calibrators, and other equipment) used by the U.S. will be found in foreign made material, both of U.S. allies and its adversaries.

b. Past experience indicates that many gauges and other luminescent devices in captured foreign material contain radium. Radium luminescent paint is easily rubbed off and could be ingested or inhaled by personnel. Take special care in surveying for, safeguarding, and decontaminating as necessary such luminescent devices.

5–2. Handling Guidelines

The radioactive materials in foreign or captured equipment are subject to the same kinds of contamination potential as the U.S. equipment. Therefore, any captured or damaged foreign equipment should be handled the same manner as similar U.S. equipment. Some guidelines:

a. Assume abandoned or captured equipment is contaminated until proven otherwise, especially if the equipment has been hit or damaged in combat. Exercise the basic precautions of using disposable gloves unless the material is DU contamination, in which case all U.S. source guidelines should be followed (see app D).

b. Follow all appropriate guidelines established in earlier chapters.

c. The specific radioactive materials (e.g. radium, tritium, americium, etc.) may or may not be the same activity as the American counterpart.

d. The precautions in handling foreign RCE should be based on the specific radioactive materials involved rather than the type of component in which the radioactive source is installed.

e. The precautions and guidelines used in this pamphlet will generally apply to foreign sources, once the specific radioactive source(s) has(ve) been identified.

f. If tasked with handling of allied equipment that contains radioactive sources, consult with the allied representative as to specific precautions to be taken for that item.

g. Consult the Foreign Science and Technology Center (FSTC) Guidebook No. AST-1500Z-100-93, Identification

DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002 11

Guide for Radioactive Sources in Foreign Material, for specific identification of the sources to be found in foreign (captured) equipment.

h. Be alert for gauges with damaged radioactive dial indicators. They are probably contaminated.

5–3. War Trophies

Equipment must comply with U.S. federal regulations (NRC, EPA, Department of Agriculture) prior to acceptance at the port of entry in the United States. The U.S. Customs Service prior to embarkation at port will inspect all equipment shipped back to an authorized collection point. Units claiming this equipment must ensure the equipment have been cleared of:

a. Security considerations.

b. Radioactive Material contamination considerations as discussed throughout this pamphlet.

c. Hazardous Materials considerations. Contact your unit surgeon and engineer for assistance in this area.

d. Agricultural contamination.

12 DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002

                                                    

Appendix A

References

Section I

Required Publications

Allied Command Europe (ACE) Directive No. 80–63  Policy for Defensive Measures against Radiological Hazards during Peacekeeping Operations (Cited in para 2-2a(1).)

AR 700–48  Management of Equipment Contaminated with Depleted Uranium or Radioactive Commodities (Cited in paras 1-6d(2), 2-1c, and E-3d(1)(a).)

AR 750–1  Army Materiel Maintenance Policy and Retail Maintenance Operations (Cited in para 2-3d.)

DA Pamphlet 40–18  Personnel Dosimetry Guidance and Dose Recording Procedures for Personnel Occupationally Exposed to Ionizing Radiation (Cited in para 3-1a.)

FM 3–3–1  Nuclear Contamination Avoidance (Cited in para 2-2a(1).)

FM 3–5  NBC Decontamination Operations (Cited in para E-3b(1)(c).)

FM 101–5  Staff Organization and Operations (Cited in paras 1-4c and 2-1.)

Foreign Science and Technology Center (FSTC) Guidebook AST–1500Z–100–93  Radiation Protection Officer’s Guidebook, Identification Guide for Radioactive Sources in Foreign Material (Cited in para 5-2g.)

JP 3–11  Joint Doctrine for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Defense (Cited in para 2-2a(1).)

TB 3–665–321–30  Direct Support Requirement, Procedures and Handling of the Radiation Wipe Test for the M88 Chemical Agent Detector Unit (Cited in para 4–4b.)

TB 9–1300–278  Guidelines for Safe Response to Handling, Storage, and Transportation Accidents Involving Army Tank Munitions or Armor which Contain Depleted Uranium (Cited in para 2-2a(1), 3-3a(1), and E-3d(1)(a).)

TB 43–0116  Identification of Radioactive Items In The Army (Cited in Figures C-2 and C-3.)

TB 11–6665–227–12  Safe Handling, Storage, and Transportation of Calibrator Set, RADIAC, AN/UDM-2 (Cited in para 4-6d.)

TM 3–6665–312–12&P  Operator’s and Organizational Maintenance Manual including Repair Parts and Special Tools List for M8A1 Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm (Cited in para 4-4b.)

TM 3–6665–312–30&P  Intermediate Direct Support Maintenance Manual (including Repair Parts and Special Tools List) for M8A1 Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm) (Cited in para 4-4b.)

DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002 13

TM 3–6665–321–12&P  Operator’s and Unit Maitenance Manual (Including Repair Parts and Special Tools List) For Alarm, Chemical Agent, Automatic (Cited in para 4–4b.)

TM 3–6665–331–10  Operator’s Manual for Improved Chemical Agent Monitor (ICAM) (Cited in para 4-4b.)

TM 3–6665–331–23&P  Unit and Direct Support Maintenance Manual (including Repair Parts and Special Tools List) for the Chemical Agent  Monitor (Cited in para 4-4b.)

TM 3–6665–343–10  Operator’s Manual for Improved Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM). (Cited in para 4–4b.)

TM 5–6635–386–12&P  MC-1 Unit Maintenance Manual for Tester, Density and Moisture (Soil and Asphalt), Nuclear Method (Campbell-Pacific Model MC-1) (Cited in paras 4-5c and 4-5d.)

TM 11–6665–227–12  Operator’s and Organizational Maintenance Manual for Calibrator Set, RADIAC, AN/UDM-2 (Cited in para 4-6d.)

TM 11–6665–248–10  Operator’s Manual for Calibrator, RADIAC, AN/UDM-6 (Cited in para 4-6d.)

                                                                                       

Section II

Related Publications

AR 11–34  The Army Respiratory Protection Program

AR 40–5  Preventive Medicine

AR 40–13  Medical Support-Nuclear/Chemical Accidents and Incidents

AR 385–40  Accident Reporting and Records

DoDI 6055.8  Occupational Radiation Protection Program

FM 3–4  NBC Protection

FM 8–9  NATO Handbook of the Medical Aspects of NBC Defense Operations

FM 9–43–1  Maintenance Operations and Procedures

FM 9–43–2  Battle Damage and Assessment

FM 9–43–2  Vehicle Recovery Operations

FM 21–10  Field Hygiene and Sanitation

14 DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002

FM 43–5  Unit Maintenance Operations

TB 43–0216  Safety and Hazard Warnings for Operation and Maintenance of TACOM Equipment

TM 3–261  Handling of Unwanted Radioactive Material

TM 55–315  Fire Fighting and Rescue Procedures in Theaters of Operations

Technical Report (TR) 94–11  U.S. Army CECOM, Tritium Commodities

Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)  Energy (NRC Regulations).

Title 40, CFR  Environmental Protection Agency Regulations

Title 49, CFR  Transportation Regulations  U.S. Army Industrial Operations Command, AMSIO-DMW, Standing Operating Procedure MAY 97, Shipping Procedures for Unwanted Radioactive Materials

U.S. Army Industrial Operations Command Pamphlet 385–1  Handling of Unwanted Radioactive Material

                                          

Section III

Prescribed Forms

DA Form 7399  Survey/Decontamination Record

DA Form 7400  Record of Area/Equipment Survey

DA Form 7401  Radioactive Commodity Report

Section IV

Referenced Forms

DA Form 2028  Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms

DA Label 80  U.S. Army Calibrated Instrument

                                                           

Appendix B

Health Effects of Radiation

B–1. Radiation Basics

a. Radiation is energy coming from a source. There are many kinds of radiation from many different kinds of sources. Every kind of radiation is useful for something, but sometimes the radiation can also be harmful. Sunlight, xrays, radio waves, and microwaves are some different kinds of radiation, and all of these are useful but can sometimes be harmful. Radiation of any kind becomes harmful when we are exposed to too much of it.

DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002 15

b. There are several forms of radiation. The most common types of ionizing radiation are alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron. Both nuclear radiation and x-ray radiation are extremely useful. They are both high energy radiation and both are very penetrating. Both nuclear radiation and x-ray radiation are commonly called ionizing radiation, because of what they do to atoms.

c. Forms of elements that emit nuclear radiation from the nucleus of the atoms are called radioactive (isotopes).  Uranium and radon are common, naturally occurring radioactive elements. Uranium can be refined for nuclear reactor fuel. The energy from ionizing radiation from the uranium in reactors produces electricity. Radioactive cobalt, radioactive cesium, and radioactive iodine produce ionizing radiation used by doctors in hospitals to cure serious diseases like cancer. Tritium, americium, and radioactive nickel are used in military equipment for very useful purposes like lighting without batteries and chemical agent detection.

B–2. Radioactive Materials Used by the Military

a. Depleted Uranium.

(1) When uranium is refined to make nuclear fuel, waste uranium is also produced. The waste uranium is called DU.  The waste DU produces only very small amounts of ionizing radiation, and because it is much more dense than lead, it is very useful for armor plating and armor piercing ammunition. The radiation from DU is only slightly stronger than the ionizing radiation normally coming from the soil and from the air, so soldiers can work around DU with minimal effects. Remember, as stated earlier, radiation only becomes harmful when we are exposed to too much. Protective clothing and gloves, respiratory protection for airborne DU, and good hygiene practices will minimize the hazard.

(2) Heavy metal poisoning is the main health concern associated with DU. Lead poisoning from sources like lead based paint is well known heavy metal poisoning. Like lead, DU is a heavy metal. Everyone is aware of the social problem of lead poisoning. All heavy metals, including lead and DU, can poison us if we take enough into our body.  For this reason, we prevent and caution soldiers against inhaling or swallowing DU. Lead is a poison that affects virtually every system of the body. The risks of lead exposure are well known from studies of children and high dose occupational exposure. The U.S. now bears the high social costs related to lead poisoning. When military equipment containing DU burns or when DU ammunition is used, DU becomes scattered as contamination. The contamination will be in the dust. The dust will be inhaled or swallowed unless soldiers protect themselves when working in contaminated areas. In light contamination a kerchief over the nose may be sufficient, but in heavy contamination the NBC protective mask may be necessary. After leaving a DU contaminated area soldiers must get the dust out of their clothing and wash contaminated skin.

b. Tritium.

(1) Tritium is the radioactive form of the abundant element hydrogen. It is used whenever it is necessary to have light without an electrical source. Sometimes tritium is mixed with other gases in a glass tube and sometimes it is an ingredient of paint. Tritium produces very low energy nuclear radiation as beta radiation. The beta radiation from tritium causes other ingredients of the gas or paint to glow very brightly. That glow is a very useful light source.

(2) Tritium is a very minor heath concern for military personnel. The beta radiation from tritium has so little energy it cannot penetrate the glass tube containing the gas or the glass cover over painted sources. It cannot even penetrate skin. Tritium can only damage the body when a large amount gets inside the body where there is no skin to protect the cells from the beta radiation. This can happen when someone inhales the gas escaping from a broken or leaking glass tube containing tritium. Tritium can also build up in the air and on surfaces in storage areas where a tiny amount of tritium is constantly leaking from hundreds or thousands of undamaged stored items, such as tritium watches or compasses. Persons must exercise caution when close to damaged tubes containing tritium gas, especially immediately after breakage. Also exercise caution in tritium device storage areas and when handling large numbers of tritium items.

c. Americium.

(1) Americium is the radioactive element that is used in the M43A1 Chemical Agent Monitor of the M8A1 Chemical Agent Alarm system. It produces highly energetic alpha particles that also cause the americium atoms to produce weak x-rays.

(2) Outside of the body, americium is not a health concern. Alpha particles do not penetrate skin. But, inside the body the americium alpha radiation is very damaging to cells. The detector cell of the M43A1 is very rugged and will survive fires as well as nearly catastrophic destruction of the monitor. Leakage of americium is slightly possible from even undamaged monitors and detector cells. As a precaution, all detector cells should be considered contaminated unless the cell outlet port has recently been wipe tested and is negative for contamination. Americium contamination will usually only enter the body through swallowing. Thorough hand washing after handling will prevent ingestion.

B–3. Other Radioactive Elements

Several other radioactive materials are used for various purposes in many other military items of equipment. Uranium, tritium, and americium are by far the most commonly used nuclear radiation emitters. The other radioactive materials require similar precautions and pose similar hazards. All items of equipment emitting ionizing radiation are required to bear the standard radiation trefoil warning marker. All personnel working with trefoil marked equipment must be fully informed of the precautions and hazards. In all cases the Technical Manuals of marked equipment contain the information necessary for safe operation.

B–4. Other Sources of Information

To find out more about the health effects of radiation:

a. Contact Unit Radiation Safety Officer.

b. Consult Technical Manuals for Radioactive Commodities involved. See Appendix A for list of TMs.

c. View the following videotapes, available at Army Training Aid Support Centers:

(1) US Army Videotape, TVT 3-92, “Depleted Uranium Hazard Awareness.”

(2) US Army Videotape, TVT 3-99, “Contaminated and Damaged Equipment Management Operations.”

d. Contact the nearest USAMC Logistics Assistance Representative for the item involved.

e. Contact the nearest U.S. Army Medical Department Activity or Medical Center, ATTN: Preventive Medicine Department.

f. Contact the U.S. Army Chemical School, ATTN: ATZN-CMN-B, Fort McClellan, AL 36205, telephone DSN 865-5919/4489 or commercial (205) 848-5919/4489.

g. Contact the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, ATTN: Medical Health Physics Program. Address is at Appendix E.

                                          

Appendix C

General Survey/Decontamination Tips and Techniques

Section I

General Survey Tips and Techniques

C–1. Identifying contaminated material

Once a piece of equipment has been identified as potentially contaminated, MARK IT! That is probably the single best thing that can be done to limit exposure of personnel and prevent extra work later. If the item enters the logistics system, all paperwork accompanying the item should be marked“contaminated.”

C–2. Touching contaminated equipment

Avoid touching equipment that might be contaminated. Wear a good grade of leather gloves as a minimum. The handling of equipment that has been in combat might result in sharp edges that will cause cuts and scratches to bare skin. Contamination will enter the body unless the wounds are covered. Wear surgeon’s gloves under the leather gloves. See Appendix K for more information. The use of respiratory protection may be required. Recommend personnel remain upwind, if possible, from potentially contaminated equipment and areas.

C–3. Isolate suspected contaminated items

a. When the tactical situation permits, isolate the equipment in a location specified by unit chemical or medical personnel. The selected area will be away from bivouac locations, medical facilities, dining areas, and bathing/laundry facilities. The objective is to limit the spread of contamination while determining logistical requirements.

b. The exclusion zone for damaged and contaminated equipment that contains or may contain unexploded ordnance is at least 366 meters. The exclusion zone for radiologically contaminated equipment is at least 50 meters in any direction.

c. Assemble equipment that will be needed ahead of time. Survey equipment, etc. should all be together for ease of usage. Appendix K provides a list of suggested supplies and equipment involved with these operations.

d. Separate contaminated items from non-contaminated items. Establish a “hot line” around the equipment work area or vehicle. Do NOT exit the contaminated area without surveying shoes and clothes for contamination. Contact chemical personnel or RSO for assistance in setting up a “hot line.”

e. Utilize the two-person rule when performing equipment decontamination and retrograde. Ensure that communications are present and functioning prior to the start of the work, especially in remote areas.

C–4. Avoid personnel accidents and unwanted radiation exposures.

a. Do NOT eat, drink, smoke, chew tobacco, or apply cosmetics when around potentially contaminated equipment.  Through hand or glove contact, radioactive contamination may attach itself to substances ingested and cause internal contamination.

b. Pay attention to nutrition and hydration requirements. Eat three meals a day. Drink fluids, preferably approved water, to maintain hydration. Handling of contaminated equipment, especially in hot climates, may require protective clothing such as Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP). Extra nutrition and hydration will be needed under those circumstances.

c. Pay conscious attention for heat and cold injuries. The use of protective clothing will insulate the body and prevent the efficient transmission of heat and moisture away from the skin surface. See FM 21-10 for suggested work rest cycles during different heat categories.

d. If an accident happens (cut, scrape, etc.) report it immediately and seek medical help. Document the circumstances and actions taken on DA Form 7399, found at the end of this appendix.

e. The long, exhaustive nature of recovery and retrograde work demands that sleep/rest cycles be enforced.

f. Clothes should be changed frequently and kept clean. Dirt and perspiration will impair the ventilatory aspects of the clothing. Washing clothes may be a problem due to potential contamination. Ensure that potentially contaminated clothes are washed separately from other troop clothing. Water should be tested, if possible, to ensure that it is not contaminated above release limits before it is released to the sewer system or placed on the ground. Contaminated water will be held as radioactive waste.

g. Keep fingernails cut closely to avoid getting contamination under the nails.

h. Cut hair to about one-quarter inch from the scalp or cover it.

i. Pay attention to bodily function requirements. Due to the nature of constantly being in protective clothing, opportunities to use latrines may be limited. If possible, plan ahead.

                                                                 

Section II

General Decontamination Tips and Techniques

C–5. General Decontamination Procedure

The specific decontamination methods and procedures selected for use in particular circumstances depend on the type, extent, and location of the contamination; however, the general approach to decontamination outlined below applies to most situations:

a. Decontamination should always be performed under the direction of radiation safety personnel.

b. Access to contaminated areas must be controlled.

c. Provide personnel protection, including appropriate clothing, for workers.

d. Evaluate what is to be decontaminated.

e. Obtain necessary equipment and materials (App K).

f. Survey all items to be released to an unrestricted area.

g. Begin with the mildest decontamination method and progress to harsher, more abrasive, or caustic methods as required.

h. Work from the outside of the contaminated area to the inside.

i. Isolate all clean areas from contaminated areas. Clean areas adjacent to those being decontaminated should be covered with taped down paper, plastic, or other disposable material to prevent recontamination.

j. Minimize the generation of contaminated liquids and airborne radioactivity during the work, and collect and treat as contaminated waste all liquids generated and materials used during decontamination operations.

k. Survey between major steps in the decontamination process (i.e., between successive applications of each technique and between different techniques).

l. Continue decontamination until contamination levels are reduced to appropriate levels, as given in Appendix J.

m. Document the completion of decontamination, including the name of the individual performing the final survey, the date, and the survey results. Utilize DA Forms 7399-R, 7400, and 7401, These forms are available on the Army Electronic Library CD Rom and the USAPA website.

C–6. Personnel Decontamination

Before external decontamination of an individual is begun, the following steps should be taken to help establish priorities for decontamination and follow-up effort:

a. Observe any physical effects on the contaminated person, such as bleeding, irregular breathing rate, burns, or shock.

b. Assess the extent of any injuries. Medical treatment of injuries takes priority over decontamination.

c. Determine the extent and magnitude of contamination using personnel survey techniques.

d. Document survey results on DA Form 7399.

e. Remove contaminated clothing, place it in a plastic bag, and hold it for further disposition.

f. Obtain assistance from medical personnel if decontamination of eyes, ears, nose, or mouth is necessary.

g. Personnel should be decontaminated as quickly as possible using the least drastic means necessary.

h. Decontamination methods should begin with mild methods, which should be continued as long as they are effective, and progress to harsher methods only as required.

i. Extreme care should be taken to prevent the spread of contamination to any skin or body opening.

18 DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002

j. All liquids generated and materials used during decontamination should be collected and treated as contaminated waste.

k. Personnel performing the decontamination should take all necessary precautions to protect themselves.

l. Cool or lukewarm water should be used for all washing and rinsing. Hot water causes the skin pores to open, driving contamination deeper into the skin. Cold water closes the pores, trapping contamination in the skin.

C–7. Specific Personnel Decontamination Methods

a. Thorough washing with nonabrasive soap and lukewarm water is the best general method of decontamination of the hands and other parts of the body. If the contaminant is localized, it is often more practical to mask off the affected area, and cleanse with swabs, rather than risk the danger of spreading the contaminant by general washing. Organic solvents must be avoided as decontaminating agents, because they may increase the probability of the radioactive materials penetrating through the pores of the skin. Special attention must be given to the areas between the fingers and around the nails. The outer edges of the hands are readily contaminated, and must not be neglected in the washing.

b. After repeated washings, the skin may tend to chap. To avoid this, apply lanolin or hand cream and then continue to wash. If repeated washing with soap and water is unsuccessful in the personnel decontamination, the individual should be referred to the local medical officer for application of the more drastic chemical decontamination.

c. In the event several individuals have become contaminated or the contamination on an individual is not localized to a small portion of the body, the following decontamination procedure is recommended:

(1) Place individual in a lukewarm shower.

(2) Using a mild soap, individual should cover entire body with lather.

(3) While still covered with lather, individual should step out of shower.

(4) Sprinkle a heavy coat of mild soap flakes all over lathered individual (purpose of lather is to cause soap flakes to adhere to person).

(5) Using his hands, the contaminated individual should rub the soap flakes on his body into a paste.

(6) Individual should then return to shower and rinse soap off his person by starting at the top and working his way down. NOTE: It will be necessary for individual to rub body surfaces with his hands while rinsing in order to remove soap paste. Soap paste will remain on those areas that have not been thoroughly washed. Although a soft cloth may be used, a brush may not. Particular attention should be given to hairy portions of the body.

(7) When the individual has rinsed to the point that he no longer feels slimy, and while still under shower, he should be examined by an assistant for traces of soap. The presence of soap will indicate which areas of the body have not been decontaminated.

(8) After removing all traces of soap, individual should leave the shower and dry.

(9) After drying off, individual must be monitored. If still contaminated, above procedures should be repeated. In the

e v e n t r e s i d u a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n i s l o c a l i z e d , r e p e a t p r o c e d u r e s s h o u l d b e l i m i t e d t o t h o s e a r e a s s t i l l s h o w i n g contamination.

d. In all cases of personnel contamination, the RPO must be consulted. If ingestion or inhalation of radioactive material is suspected, bioassays should be performed.

C–8. Equipment and Material Decontamination

Materials that cannot be easily or cost-effectively decontaminated should be evaluated for possible disposal as radioactive waste. Porous items (such as wood, paper, and cloth), intricately designed equipment, and items of low replacement cost tend to fall in this category. If decontamination of equipment and/or materials is required, many cleaning, abrasive, chemical, and electrochemical methods are available. Listed here are a few of the simpler and least costly methods. These methods should be repeated until surveys indicate the need for harsher method. Under no circumstances will dry sweeping of radioactive contamination be allowed. Appropriate PPE must be worn.

a. Use masking, adhesive, friction, or duct tape; place over the contaminated area; remove; and discard as radioactive waste.

b. Use vacuum-cleaning techniques with a conventional wet or dry vacuum cleaner modified to include a High- Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter on the exhaust. Dispose of bag or collection container as radioactive waste.  Respiratory protection must be used. If a HEPA filter is not available, do not vacuum.

c. Wipe or wet mop, using a decontaminating agent or detergents and hot water. NOTE: For tank fires: If the above methods do not completely decontaminate the exterior of the tank, contamination should be considered fixed and the tank should be transported to a Army facility before harsher methods are used.

d. Contaminated soil around accident and water runoff should be scraped up and containerized for removal as radioactive waste.

Section III

Survey/Decontamination Records

DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002 19

C–9. Instructions for completing DA Form 7399, Survey/Decontamination Record

Use the following instructions for completing DA Form 7399.

Figure C–1. Flow Instructions for completing DA FORM 7399, Survey/Decontamination Record

20 DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002

Figure C–1. Flow Instructions for completing DA FORM 7399, Survey/Decontamination Record—Continued

DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002 21

C–10. Flow Instructions for completing DA FORM 7400, Record of Area/Equipment Survey

Figure C–2. Flow Instructions for completing DA FORM 7400, Record of Area/Equipment Survey

22 DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002

Figure C–2. Flow Instructions for completing DA FORM 7400, Record of Area/Equipment Survey—Continued

DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002 23

C–11. Instructions for completing DA FORM 7401, Radioactive Commodity Report

Figure C–3. Instructions for completing DA FORM 7401, Radioactive Commodity Report

24 DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002

Figure C–3. Instructions for completing DA FORM 7401, Radioactive Commodity Report—Continued

DA PAM 700–48 • 27 September 2002 25

                                                             

Appendix D

Information Specific to Depleted Uranium Contaminated Vehicles

D–1. Appearance

a. The DU residue from equipment that is impacted will appear as a heavy black residue, with particle sizes ranging from that of cigarette ash to that of marbles.

b. Spalling at or near holes in equipment made by DU appears as fragments melted into reheated solder. Spalling will also be present inside the equipment. They originate from the impact of DU into equipment.

D–2. Resuspension

When entering a vehicle potentially contaminated with DU, expect that there will be resuspension of particles that have settled to the floor. A dust may be created. Therefore:

a. Wear protective clothing, MOPP, or clothing that will provide a barrier between the body and the contamination.

b. Wear respiratory protection. The M17/40 series masks are preferred. This mask is very effective in protecting the soldier from the inhalation of DU particles. If these masks are unable to be used, use ordinary substitutes, such as a handkerchief, t-shirt, towel, or other item. In an urgent situation, ordinary substitutes are better than no protection at all.

c. If a protective mask is not worn, wear eye protection. (Standard safety goggles equivalent to ANSI standard Z87.1 will do. Safety glasses ordered through the federal supply system are ANSI approved).

d. Wear a good grade of leather boot. Standard troop issue leather boots are sufficient.

e. When in the vehicle, don’t lean or sit on the equipment surface if possible. If this is done, clothing may be contaminated. Radiation surveys will detect contamination after exit from the equipment.

f. Utilize the two-person rule (or more) when performing decontamination and retrograde operations. With vehicles, one person should be stationed on top of the vehicle to watch others who are inside.

D–3. Actions of Survey Personnel

When surveying/assessing equipment, survey personnel should:

a. Before beginning, ensure that the survey instrument is operative, in calibration, and that the proper probe is used (AN/PDR-77 and the alpha probe). NOTE: DU armor will trigger the survey meter.

b. Hold the survey instrument approximately 1/2 inch away from the surface to be surveyed and keep the probe at the same distance throughout the survey.

c. Take a background reading from an area known NOT to be contaminated.

d. Make a conscious effort not to contaminate the probe during the survey. If the probe is contaminated, then it must  be cleaned or the instrument replaced prior to continuing the survey. Instruments are calibrated with probes as a set.  Therefore, probes cannot be switched to a different instrument without affecting the calibration.