While many ufologists strive for legitimacy, and some are respected scientists in other fields, ufology has never been fully embraced by the scientific community, for a number of reasons. Despite involvement of some respected scientists, the field has seen very little attention from mainstream science.
One cannot obtain a "ufology" degree from any college or university, though there have been a few college or university courses on the subject, often from a folklore perspective. Many ufologists are amateurs (or alternatively, individuals in search of fame and fortune), and however well intentioned, are often unfamiliar with generally accepted research standards, thus often rendering their own research useless even to sympathetic mainstream experts. Many amateur ufologists have been criticised for accepting as true stories or tales without demanding supporting evidence or conducting even cursory research.
Ufologists embrace a wide spectrum of approaches, beliefs, and attitudes, from those regarded by some as quacks (e.g. David Icke); to respected mainstream scientists like Peter A. Sturrock, J. Allen Hynek, Jacques Vallee, James E. McDonald, or August Meessen, some of whom argue that UFO reports are as worthy of study as any topic, and deserve case-by-case analysis using the scientific method. Debunkers (such as Philip Klass or Dr. Donald Menzel) have offered their opinions on UFOs, and though their conclusions have been disputed, they too represent an influential perspective in UFO studies.
However, this classification (sometimes presented as "skeptics" vs. "believers") is something of a false dichotomy, as there are other opinions on the subject: prominent scientist Dr. Carl Sagan was quite skeptical of any extraordinary answer to the UFO question, but in 1969, he co-organised a symposium on the subject, thinking that science had unfairly neglected the UFO question.
Overall, Ufology might be seen as an interdisciplinary field, as people have examined UFO reports from a number of perspectives. In her critique of the Condon Report, Diana Palmer Hoyt notes that "The UFO problem seems to bear a closer resemblance to problems in meteorology than in physics. The phenomena are observed, occur episodically, are not reproducible, and in large part, are identified by statistical gathering of data for possible organization into patterns. They are not experiments that can be replicated at will at the laboratory bench under controlled conditions." (see external links below)
Along these lines, Peter A. Sturrock suggests that UFO studies should be compartmentalized — as are most scientific endeavors — into at least "the following distinct activities:
- Field investigations leading to case documentation and the measurement or retrieval of physical evidence;
- Laboratory analysis of physical evidence;
- The systematic compilation of data (descriptive and physical) to look for patterns and so extract significant facts;
- The analysis of compilations of data (descriptive and physical) to look for patterns and so extract significant facts;
- The development of theories and the evaluation of those theories on the basis of facts.”
Study of UFO sightings has yielded results applicable to other fields, such as in weather phenomena and in human perception, such as the study lead by the SOBEPS for the Belgian flap in 1989-'90 or the studies of the GEPAN/SEPRA in France.
Some argue the general rejection of ufology by mainstream science is part of the problem: anyone can declare themselves a "UFO researcher", and completely bypass the sorts of scientific consensus building and peer review that otherwise shape and influence scientific paradigms. This has allowed many to stake out territory and disseminate claims, information and analysis of widely varying rigor and quality.
We as UFO's in the Universe
As the first two spacecraft to leave our solar system, Pioneer 10 & 11
carry a graphic message in the form of a 6- by 9-inch gold anodized
plaque bolted to the spacecraft's main frame.
| On the plaque a man and woman stand before an outline of the spacecraft. The man's hand is raised in a gesture of good will. The physical makeup of the man and woman were determined from results of a computerized analysis of the average person in our civilization. The key to translating the plaque lies in understanding the breakdown of the most common element in the universe - hydrogen. This element is illustrated in the left-hand corner of the plaque in schematic form showing the hyperfine transition of neutral atomic hydrogen. Anyone from a scientifically educated civilization having enough knowledge of hydrogen would be able to translate the message. The plaque was designed by Dr. Carl Sagan and Dr. Frank Drake and drawn by Linda Salzman Sagan. |
Stage Hypnosis
Learn stage hypnosis! Or.. develop your stage hypnosis techniques and improve better stage hypnosis business.
Project Blue Book
From 1947 until 17 December 1969, the United States Air Force actively investigated reports and sightings of unidentified flying objects - UFOs, under a program called Project Blue Book. Project Blue Book investigated 12,618 UFO sightings and 701 of those sightings remained unidentified. Many UFO researchers feel that the investigations of the UFO sightings were unprofessional and unscientific. The program used poor research methods and researchers were too eager to label a mysterious sighting as "identified" phenomena. Individual researchers and UFO organisations believe that members of Project Blue Book were pressured to "identify" UFO sightings to calm the public hysteria about UFOs. This theory has been supported by the recent release of CIA documents pertaining to UFOs. They also suggest that any report that was initially perceived as unexplainable or would cause public concern was never included in Project Blue Book. They allege that these reports were passed on to a higher authority that never reported the results to the public. Project Blue Book, it seems, was just a low level collection and disinformation program created under Project Sign (of December 1947) which evolved into Project Grudge (of December 1948) to cover up the true investigation into the alien presence on Earth.
From "United States Air Force Project Blue Book"
The final results of Project Blue Book were:
- No UFO reported, investigated and evaluated by the Air Force was ever an indication of threat to our national security.
- There was no evidence submitted to or discovered by the Air Force that sightings categorized as "unidentified" represented technological developments or principles beyond the range of modern scientific knowledge.
- There was no evidence indicating that sightings categorized as "unidentified" were extra-terrestrial vehicles.
Project Blue Book stated that the sightings of UFOs were the result of:
- A mild form of mass hysteria.
- Individuals who fabricate such reports to perpetrate a hoax or seek publicity.
- Psychopathological persons.
- Misidentification of various conventional objects.
Project Blue Book, the FBI-file (Pdf)
Project Blue Book at Wikipedia
BRITAIN'S SECRET 'X-FILES' REVEALED
by Dr David Clarke
The Ministry of Defence has always denied involvement in any official study of the UFO phenomenon. But files recently discovered in Government archives reveal how in 1950 the MOD set up a secret committee of scientists and intelligence experts to investigate sightings of 'flying saucers'. The report they produced for Winston Churchill's Government remained secret for 50 years and even today certain sections remain classified because of their intelligence content.
At the dawn of the 21st century it is claimed that sightings of UFOs have become so few and far between that one of the oldest groups of civilian enthusiasts, the British Flying Saucer Bureau, have announced they are closing down. While recent opinion polls show 50 percent of the public believe we have been visited by aliens, the Ministry of Defence have always denied they had ever taken the subject seriously.
Fifty years ago, at the height of the Cold War, the situation was radically different. Sightings of 'flying saucers' made newspaper headlines every day on both sides of the Atlantic. The now defunct London Sunday Dispatch even described the subject as "bigger than the Atom Bomb Wars." By the summer of 1950 with war in Korea and the successful testing of the first Russian atomic bomb adding to growing international tensions, the Western powers were growing increasingly worried by the 'flying saucer' mystery.
Across the world, nervous fingers hovered above the buttons that could trigger a devastating nuclear exchange. Those entrusted with weapons of mass destruction had only seconds to decide if an unidentified 'blip' tracked by radar was a Russian bomber, guided missile, or simply a "phantom." Whether they existed or not UFOs, quite clearly, had the potential to trigger a Third World War.
Solving the UFO problem became a priority for the top brains in the American CIA and their British counterpart, the MOD's Directorate of Scientific Intelligence (DSI). It was the Defence Intelligence staff that were responsible for assessing any threat posed by UFOs. The DSI advised the Joint Intelligence Committee who ultimately answered to the Prime Minister. Throughout the 1950s the Ministry of Defence tried to calm public fears by debunking 'flying saucer' sightings as meteorites or weather balloons, but behind closed doors they had already launched their own secret study, drawing upon the expertise of the greatest scientific and military minds of the day.
Documents discovered hidden in the archives of the Ministry of Defence, reveal how a team dedicated to the study of flying saucers was set up in October 1950 working closely alongside the CIA who were involved in their own top secret study. The very existence of any "official" study of UFOs had been long denied by the MOD. Even when the minutes of this non-existent committee came to light in 1997, the report it produced could not be found. The document, we were repeatedly assured, was "absent" from the catalogue at the Public Record Office. Staff concluded it "had not survived the passage of time." The report constitutes the "Holy Grail" to those who have always believed that the Ministry of Defence were involved in a cover-up of UFO evidence. It is also an important jigsaw puzzle piece in the history of the Cold War.
The papers reveal that the "Flying Saucer" study was the brainchild of one of Churchill's most trusted scientific advisors, Sir Henry Tizard (right), best known for his role in the development of Britain's pre-World War Two radar defences that proved so decisive during the Battle of Britain. Tizard felt the saucer sightings could not be simply dismissed as delusions, and demanded an investigation of the subject following a pro-saucer newspaper campaign backed by one of the most respected figures of the day, Lord Louis Mountbatten. Mountbatten and a number of other highly placed officials - including Battle of Britain mastermind Air Chief Marshall Hugh Dowding - had privately concluded that flying saucers were advanced craft from outer space.
The Flying Saucer Working Party had five members, representing the elite Technical Intelligence branches of the Air Ministry, Admiralty, War Office and Ministry of Defence. It held its first meeting in October of 1950 in a room at the former Hotel Metropole in Northumberland Avenue, just yards away from Trafalgar Square. As a result, personnel serving with the RAF and Royal Navy were asked to submit sighting reports for investigation.
After eight months of sifting through hundreds of X-Files from as far afield as New Zealand, the committee concluded that only three originated from trustworthy sources and were worthy further study. In June 1950 a pilot on patrol from RAF Tangmere in Sussex sighted a "bright circular metallic object" which sped past his Meteor jet fighter at 20,000 feet. As he was undergoing a debriefing by squadron intelligence it emerged that four RAF controllers at an air defence radar station near Eastbourne had, at the same time, tracked an "unusual response" that vanished from their screens, moving at terrific speed.
The two remaining "reliable" reports both came from an experienced test pilot, who retired from the RAF as a Wing Commander. One morning in August 1950 he spotted a flat disc-shaped object resembling a shirt button, light pearl grey in colour, spinning through a series of S-turns at speeds of up to 1,000 miles per hour above the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough. Two weeks later the same test pilot, along with five other senior RAF officers, saw another disc-shaped object appear low in the sky in the direction of Guildford and Farnham. The group watched in amazement as the saucer performed a series of amazing high speed manoeuvres, stopping to perform a bizarre "falling leaf" motion before diving towards the horizon. All six were interrogated by MOD team and warned not to discuss what they had seen in public.
Despite the experience and calibre of the RAF witnesses, the Flying Saucer Working Party concluded that the test pilot's first sighting was the result of an optical illusion. It was "impossible to believe", they said, that an unconventional object could have flown at high speed and low altitude over a densely-populated area on a fine summer morning without anyone else having reported it. The five additional witnesses to the second sighting, they concluded, had already been influenced by the first report when they saw their saucer. This was probably a normal aircraft and only appeared unusual because it had been spotted "manoeuvring at extreme visual range."
When the Working Party produced their final report to the Directorate of Scientific Intelligence in June 1951, a special guest at the meeting was the CIA's chief scientist, H. Marshall Chadwell. Dr Chadwell was responsible for the US Government's policy of debunking saucer reports in an effort to remove the threat that belief in UFOs was seen to pose at the height of the Cold War stand-off. It was the CIA's plan to strip the subject of its "privileged position" in the media by an "education programme," and the British were soon to become willing partners in this scheme.
The Flying Saucer Working Party's conclusions were set out in a six-page document (left, Crown Copyright, Public Records Office), DSI/JTIC Report No 7, stamped with the security grade "SECRET." Its title, "Unidentified Flying Objects" reflected American influence (the acronym UFO was coined by the USAF in 1950-51) as did its recommendations - debunk sightings and impose a tight security clampdown to ensure none of the more puzzling cases reached the public. This was the birth of belief in a Government conspiracy to hide "the truth" about UFOs from the public - that was to become a staple part of the X-Files mythology.
UFO believers have claimed that the cover-up of UFO data was imposed to hide the fact that the American and British Governments possessed hard, conclusive evidence of ET-piloted craft. Some of the more wild rumours suggested the Americans had captured a saucer that crashed in the desert near Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947. The Flying Saucer Working Party report lays that myth to rest. It reveals how British Intelligence was informed by a member of the USAF investigation team that "the…sensational report of the discovery of a crashed 'flying saucer' full of the remains of very small beings, was ultimately admitted by its author to have been a complete fabrication."
If the Americans did recover a crashed UFO at Roswell, then clearly even their closest allies did not have sufficient "need to know." Furthermore, the British shared the American view that 'peaks' in UFO sightings closely followed periods of media publicity "indicating the extent to which sightings may be psychological in origin" or were the product of Cold War fears.
As for the possibility of Extraterrestrial visitors, the study was not optimistic. "When the only material available is a mass of purely subjective evidence," the report concluded, "it is impossible to give anything like scientific proof that the phenomena observed are, or are not, caused by something entirely novel, such as aircraft of extraterrestrial origin, developed by beings unknown to us on lines more advanced than anything we have thought of."
Rather than add weight to popular claims that UFOs were visitors from alien civilisations, the experts said they were satisfied that the vast bulk of reports could be accounted for "much more simply" as known astronomical or meteorological phenomena, mistaken identifications of aircraft, balloons, birds and other natural objects, optical and psychological delusions and deliberate hoaxes.
The report maintained that the only effective way to settle the question of UFO reality for good would be to "organise throughout the country, or the world, continuous observation of the skies by a co-ordinated network of visual observers, equipped with photographic apparatus and supplemented by a network of radar stations and sound locators." Such a project, it concluded, would be an expensive and "singularly profitless enterprise." The scathing conclusions continued in the committee's recommendations to the Chiefs of Staff: "....we recommend very strongly that no further investigation of reported mystery aerial phenomena be undertaken, unless and until some material evidence becomes available."
These words came back to haunt the MOD when just a year later, during the hot summer 1952, UFOs appeared in force above Washington D.C. showing up on radar and outpacing the most advanced jet fighters almost as if to cock a snook at those in the US military who had cast doubt upon their existence. The Washington sightings set alarm bells ringing at the very highest levels both in the Roosevelt administration and across the Atlantic in Britain, where Prime Minister Winston Churchill fired off a memo to his Secretary of State for Air, The Lord de L'Isle and Dudley.
"What does all this stuff about flying saucers amount to?" Churchill asked. "What can it mean? What is the truth? Let me have a report at your convenience."
The answer when it came, was not unexpected. Churchill was assured there was nothing to be concerned about. Reports of UFOs and flying saucers, the Air Ministry said, were subject of a full Intelligence study in 1951. This had concluded that all the incidents could be accounted for by mistaken identity, delusions and hoaxes. The Americans had reached a similar conclusion and nothing had happened since then to make them change their mind. Churchill's official Scientific Advisor Lord Cherwell, who was a great rival of Sir Henry Tizard, whose brainchild the Flying Saucer study had been, said he had seen the Secretary of State's minute and "agreed entirely with his conclusions."
Less than a month after Cherwell's kiss of death was administered, UFOs staged a dramatic appearance during one of NATO's largest peacetime exercises, Mainbrace, staged to simulate a Soviet attack on Western Europe. Once again flying saucers were reported by both RAF and Royal Navy personnel, triggering off another wave of newspaper headlines and demands for a Government inquiry.
This time, the kid gloves were off. Orders were sent to all RAF stations invoking the considerable powers available under the Official Secrets Act to forbid service personnel from discussing UFO sightings with members of the public or the Press. "The public attach more credence to reports by Royal Air Force personnel than to those by members of the public," read the order. "All reports are therefore to be classified confidential and personnel are warned that they are not to communicate to anyone other than official persons any information about phenomena they have observed." The classification of restricted was upgraded to confidential in 1956 and the curtain of secrecy remained firmly in place until the end of the Cold War.
In 2001 the Labour Government's plans for a Freedom of Information Act raises the possibility that many other formerly secret documents may one day finally be released to historians.
Today, hidden deep within the archives of Britain's most sensitive Defence Intelligence departments may lie the results of more recent studies of UFOs and the people who claim to see them, waiting to be discovered. We may have to wait 30, 50 or even 100 years to read them. Who knows what we may discover then.
PROJECT 1947
TOP SECRET
LOAN DOCUMENT
|
T/S CONTROL NO 2-7341 | |
|
OFFICE TO WHICH LOANED AFOIN-2A | |
|
89A |
DATE DUE IN AFOIN-C/DD 8 July 1952 |
PLEASE RETURN THIS DOCUMENT ON DATE SPECIFIED ABOVE TO AFOIN-C/DD, ROOM
5C116 ATTENTION: TOP SECRET CONTROL OFFICER.
When the attached document is withdrawn
the classification of this sheet will be
changed to UNCLASSIFIED in accordance
with PAR 25c, AFR 205-1.
TOP SECRET
TOP SECRET
2-7341
DATE 28 APR 1949
NO 100-203-79
CY. NO 102 OF 103
TOP SECRET AF cy 102
CONTROL
No 6637
TOP SECRET
1. TO EXAMINE pattern of "Flying Saucers" (hereinafter referred to as flying objects) and to develop conclusions as to the possibility of existence.
2. A DETAILED discussion of information bearing on the problem as set forth above is attached as Appendix "A". The main points established therein are summarized below.
3. THE FREQUENCY of reported incidents, the similarity in many of the characteristics attributed to the observed objects and the quality of observers considered as a whole, support the contention that some type of flying object has been observed. Approximately 210 incidents have been reported. Among the observers reporting on such incidents are trained and experienced U.S. Weather Bureau personnel, USAF rated officers, experienced civilian pilots, technicians associated with various research projects and technicians employed by commercial airlines.
4. THE POSSIBILITY that reported observations of flying objects over the U.S. were influenced by previous sightings of unidentified phenomena in Europe, particularly over Scandinavia in 1946, and that the observers reporting such incidents may have been interested in obtaining personal publicity have been considered as possible explanations. However, these possibilities seem to be improbable when certain selected reports such as the one from U.S. Weather Bureau at Richmond are examined. During observations of weather balloons at the Richmond Bureau, one well trained observer has sighted strange metallic disks on three occasions and another observer has sighted a similar object on one occasion. The last observation of unidentified objects was in April, 1947. On all four occasions the weather balloon and the unidentified objects were in view through the theodolite. These observations at the Richmond Bureau occurred several months before publicity on the flying saucers appeared in a U.S. new spaper.
5. DESCRIPTIONS OF the flying objects fall into three configuration categories: (1) disk-shaped (2) rough cigar-shaped (3) balls of fire. Varying conditions of visibility and differences in angles at which the objects may have been viewed introduces a possibility that a single type object may have been observed rather than three different types. This possibility is further substantiated by the fact that in the areas where such objects have been observed the ratio of the three general configurations is approximately the same.
6. THEREFORE, IT appears that some object has been seen; however, the identification of that object cannot be readily accomplished on the basis of information reported on each incident. It is possible that the object, or objects, may have been domestically launched devices such as weather balloons, rockets, experimental flying wing aircraft, or celestial phenomena. It is necessary to obtain information on such domestic activity to confirm or deny this possibility. Depending upon the degree with which this may be accomplished, foreign devices must then be considered as a possibility.
7. THE PATTERN of sightings is definable. Sightings have been most intense throughout the states bordering the Atlantic and Pacific coast lines, and the central states of Ohio and Kentucky. A map showing location of sightings is attached as Appendix "B".
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8. THE ORIGIN of the devices is not ascertainable. There are two possibilities:
(1) The objects are domestic devices, and if so, their identification or origin can be established by a survey of all launchings of airborne objects. Domestic flying wing type aircraft observed in various aspects of flight might be responsible for some of the reported flying objects, particularly those described as disks and rough cigar shapes. (See Appendices "C" and "D".) Among those which have been operational in recent years are the XF5U-1 ("Flying Flapjack") developed by Chance-Vaught, the Northrup B-35, and the turbo-jet powered Northrup YB-49. The present existence of any privately developed flying-wing type aircraft has not been determined but one such aircraft, the Arup tailless monoplane, was operational at South Bend, Indiana, prior to 1935.
(2) Objects are foreign, and if so, it would seem most logical to consider that they are from a Soviet source. The Soviets possess information on a number of German flying-wing type aircraft such as the Gotha P60A, Junkers EF 130 long-range, high-speed jet bomber and the Horten 229 twin-jet fighter, which particularly resembles some of the description of unidentified flying objects (See Appendix "D"). As early as 1924 Tscheranowsky developed a "Parabola" aircraft, an all wing design, which was the outcome of considerable Soviet experimentation with gliders of the same general form. Soviet aircraft based on such designs might have speeds approaching trans-sonic speeds attributed to some flying objects or greater over-all performance assuming the successful development of some unusual propulsion device such as atomic energy engine.
9. THAT THE Soviets have a current interest in flying-wing type aircraft is suggested by their utilization of Dr. Guenther Bock who, at the end of World War II, was in charge of the flying-wing program in Germany (See Appendix "A", paragraph 3, page 4). Achievements satisfactory to the U.S.S.R. are indirectly indicated by the personal recognition he is reported to be receiving in the U.S.S.R. Recently it has been reported that the U.S.S.R. is planning to build a fleet of 1,800 Horten flying-wing aircraft. Information of low evaluation has been received stating that a regiment of jet night fighters, Model Horten XIII, is at Kuzmikha, an air base two miles south-west of Irkutsk. Kuzmikha is identified as one of a number of airfields for the protection of an atomic energy plant at Irkutsk. The Horten XIII as developed by Germany was a glider.
10. ASSUMING THAT the objects might eventually be identified as foreign or foreign-sponsored devices, the possible reasons for their appearance over the U.S. requires consideration. Several possible explanations appear noteworthy, viz:
a. To negate U.S. confidence in the atom bomb as the most advanced and decisive weapon in warfare.
b. To perform photographic reconnaissance missions.
c. To test U.S. air defenses.
d. To conduct familiarization flights over U.S. territory.
11. SINCE the Air Force is responsible for control of the air in the defense of the U.S., it is imperative that all other agencies cooperate in confirming or denying the possibility that these objects have a domestic origin. Otherwise, if it is firmly indicated that there is no domestic explanation, the objects are a threat and warrant more active efforts of identification and interception.
12. IT MUST be accepted that some type of flying objects have been observed, although their identification and origin are not discernable. In the interest of national defense it would be unwise to overlook the possibility that some of these objects may be of foreign origin.
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AND HYPOTHETICAL TACTICS EMPLOYED
1. INTRODUCTION. To formulate the possible tactics of flying objects reported over the U.S. assumes from the outset that firm conclusions have been reached on both the existence and origin of the reported flying objects. The current status of information on such incidents and over-all analysis does not allow substantiation for such conclusions. However, the lack of such firm conclusions points to the necessity for an immediate and sound statistical analysis of every aspect of the situation and does not preclude a concurrent examination of the reported incidents to develop explanations of their possible tactics. The latter will be useful at some future date should the existence and origin of the flying objects be definitely established. Therefore, the following analysis of available information is advanced in order to present evidence on the actual existence of some type flying object and to relate same to tactical purposes for which the objects are possibly designed. The foll owing discussion must be considered a provisional analysis, pending a further detailed analysis of all aspects of the problem.
2. SOME ASPECTS REGARDING FLYING OBJECT INCIDENTS. A cursory examination of evidence on reported incidents has been made and it is possible to cite certain generalities which it appears may be borne out when detailed analyses have been completed.
Among the incidents reported there are many statements by reliable and experienced persons which tend to confirm that flying objects have been seen. The description of such objects seems to fall roughly into three categories: (1) Silver disks or balls, approximating a Horten wing type aircraft; (2) Balls of fire of various colors and intensities; (3) Cigar or pencil-shaped objects similar in appearance to V-2 type rockets in horizontal flight. The numbers of configurations might be further reduced with the following considerations in mind: Silver disks or balls have, for the greater part, been observed in daylight and a number under clear weather conditions with visibility unlimited. In most instances, balls of fire have been observed at night. Cigar, or pencil-shaped objects have been sighted in fewer numbers but with about equal distribution in daylight and at night. A few accounts tell of the disks having a rough cigar-shape when viewed while maneuvering. Some of the disks are d escribed as having luminosity in daylight. It therefore is possible that a single type of object may be involved in all sightings, and differences in description may result from viewing the objects at various angles and under differing conditions of visibility.
The above tends to indicate that some type object has been seen and the possibility exists that the object or objects seen are conventional domestic devices, such as weather balloons, test rockets, or jet-equipped aircraft with pancake or flying wing configurations.
The possibility exists that the reporting of flying objects may have been influenced by earlier reports on similar incidents in Scandinavia and Central Europe. The publication in newspaper of details on such incidents, both foreign and domestic, may have induced some of the description provided in reported domestic incidents. However, one of the earliest reported sightings in the U.S. was the one observed by U.S. Weather Bureau personnel in April 1947, at Richmond, Virginia, and on the basis of this one report it appears that the disks are not balloons. It would seem that this sighting was not influenced by the reports of foreign incidents, the newspaper accounts of domestic incidents, nor by misidentification of a conventional object.
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Although reported domestic incidents are widely scattered throughout the U.S., frequency of sighting and number of observers per sighting assumes a definable pattern. There is a large concentration of sightings along the Eastern Seaboard; another large concentration throughout the Western Coast states, and a few sightings in the Middle West. Distribution of incidents by configuration of object and description of maneuverability is approximately equal in each of these areas and this is believed to further substantiate the possibility that one type of object might have been observed in different aspects of flight.
If sightings are induced by rumor, it seems unusual that more incidents have not been reported from the areas with high concentration of population. Reports from such areas would also have greater facility in channeling either to newspaper or official reporting agencies. For the most part, sightings have been made in fairly open country where there are few restrictions to visibility, which may indicate that obstructed vision has reduced sightings in built-up areas.
It therefore seems that some type of flying object has been observed; the identification of its origin requires the competion (sic) of other analyses.
3. POSSIBLE ORIGIN OF UNUSUAL FLYING OBJECTS. Provided, upon the completion of analyses, it is indicated that some or all of the reported flying objects over the U.S. are of foreign origin, the objects could from a logical viewpoint, be considered Soviet. It is evident from the performance characteristics attributed to the unidentified objects at this time that if they are foreign, they involve efficiencies of performance which have not been realized in any operational airborne device in this country. It would, therefore, be a mistake to analyze the technical aspects of the situation within the limits of our own knowledge of practical developments. It is more desirable to consider then the outer limits of possible Soviet developments and objectives in attempting to formulate some idea of the tactics which might be involved.
First of all, the scientific objectives of the U.S.S.R. have been stated many times and indicated in many forms. The most clearcut statement of this objective is probably contained in the preamble to the Fourth Five-year Plan (1946-50) which states that the objective of Soviet science is to overtake and surpass the scientific and technical developments of the capitalist nations. It apparently would be an impossible task for the Soviet Union to accomplish such an objective by proceeding step-by-step along the same lines of development already achieved in the capitalist nations. This would mean that it would be necessary to rapidly proceed through each phase of aeronautical development that has already been accomplished in this country, and this probably would never have any prospects of accelerating Soviet development beyond any point reached by the U.S. The obvious answer to accomplish their objective of not only overtaking, but surpassing the capitalist countries would be a scient ific shortcut. This possibility is not so remote when examined on the basis of our knowledge of the current situation in the U.S.S.R. Provided Soviet emphasis was given to the most promising and advanced ideas acquired from Germany in 1945 and the work aided by German scientists, the possibility of catching up and possibly surpassing other nations in technical developments becomes more realistic. It becomes even more realistic if the Soviets have shown a tendency to concentrate on certain developments which have still not received a maximum of priority in our own programs.
It is known that the U.S.S.R. has since 1945 enlisted the service of Dr. Guenther Bock, a German who headed all development of low aspect ratio (flying wing) type aircraft in Germany. Dr. Bock is believed to be the top German scientist in charge at TSAGI and TSIAM which are "Air Materiel Command" type organizations in the U.S.S.R. Further, it is believed that Dr. Bock has made available all German plans for flying wing type aircraft to the Soviets. Among the designs considered by the Germans and possibly exploited by the U.S.S.R, are jet-propelled, flying wing type aircraft whose configuration would be similar to descriptions of certain objects reported flying over the U.S. The estimated speeds of such aircraft are within range of the lower limits of speed attributed to flying objects over the U.S. It Is not impossible that emphasis on surpassing foreign developments has led to unusual progress in fuels and propulsion by the U.S.S.R. In connection with possible advancemen ts in the field of fuels and propulsion, it should be observed that
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the Russian oil situation (regardless of estimated oil reserves) is quite different from that in the U.S. For example, U.S. oil industry is prepared to turn out tremendous quantities of highly fractionated petroleum products, while the U.S.S.R. cannot reasonably approach such capabilities. This consideration dictates different solutions on fuels for propulsion in the two countries and in turn, dictates the direction taken in development of jet motors or the use of other propulsive devices. We must therefore, arrive at the conclusion that any Soviet device which may have made its appearance over the U.S. as described, would possess unusual performance characteristics which, in all probability, would include unusual range. The possibility that they could have been launched at fairly close range should not be discarded.
4. POSSIBLE REASONS OR TACTICS FOR THE USE OF SOVIET UNCONVENTIONAL AIRCRAFT OVER THE U.S. Predicated on all the foregoing assumptions, Soviet unconventional aircraft may have been flown over the U.S. for one, all, or a combination of the following reasons:
a. TO NEGATE U.S. CONFIDENCE IN ATOM BOMB AS THE MOST ADVANCED AND DECISIVE WEAPON. If the objects have been used in a propaganda sense, it would be reasonable to assume that the Soviets would choose first to frighten pro-American nations in Europe with the appearance of a radically new weapon to counteract the ability of the U.S. to obtain full propaganda effectiveness with the atom bomb. It will be remembered that strange objects first appeared over the Scandinavian countries in 1946. The objects observed there had unusual range and unusual performance characteristics. As this demonstration over the Scandinavian Countries occurred the U.S. was making a vigorous campaign for the economic and political alignment of these nations with other pro-American Western European nations. When these incidents subsided, strange flying objects began to be observed at an increasing rate over the U.S. The conclusion on this point is that flying objects may have been used to f righten both European nations and the U.S. by the appearance of a new device, and that failure to identify such a Soviet object would give them invaluable indication that U.S. development is far behind that of the Soviets. Except for this indication, it is believed that the use of the objects to promote fear has been worthless in that the U.S. public has tended to characterize these incidents entirely as hallucinations by "crack pots", misidentification of conventional objects, or that they represent a secret American project which should not be publicized. Any fear that might result from Soviet use will come only by a discovery that the objects have been Soviet aircraft and that they involve radical developments which are in advance of our own accomplishments.
b. FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC RECONNAISSANCE. It is possible that the Soviets have employed the flying objects for the collection of photographic intelligence or the mapping of certain areas in the U.S. The evasive action employed by all objects sighted indicates not so much an attempt to avoid being sighted, as an attempt to prevent disclosure of the exact type of flying craft and its mission. The sightings of objects over the U.S. has been most intense in Eastern and Western Coastal States. In addition, sightings of flying objects have been made near Oak Ridge, Tenn., Las Cruces, N.M., and in the general area of the Hanford Works in Oregon. Generally, sightings have not been made over what we consider strategic industrial areas. The reason for this might be either that the flying objects have been observed only enroute to or from missions over these more concentrated strategic areas, or that the Soviets obtained sufficient information during their World War II liaison w ith U.S. industry to satisfy their intelligence requirements and have a more active requirement for information on industries and areas which were not available to them during World War II contacts. This is of interest in connection with the sightings near Oak Ridge, Las Cruces, and in the general area of the Hanford Works since these establishments were not, and are not, accessible to Soviet collectors of photographic intelligence.
c. TEST OF U. S. DEFENSES. It is possible that the use of Soviet flying objects over the U.S. is intended only to determine the ability of the U.S. defenses to spot foreign aircraft. This would be of extreme importance to the U.S.S.R. in the event that a one-way all-out attack of Soviet strategic bombers is planned. Ability to operate over the U.S. uninhibited at a time when the U.S. is supposedly re-arming and putting great stress on defenses would provide valuable information on which to base estimates for probability of success in bombing strategic objectives in the U. S.
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d. FAMILIARIZATION FLIGHTS OVER U.S. TERRITORY. This possible reason is perhaps the most improbable. It is assumed that, should this purpose be involved, other purposes are probably also accomplished in its execution. Provided the U.S.S.R. has unusually high performance aircraft they might find it advantageous to familiarize themselves with the topography of the U.S. in anticipation of future combat missions to strategic targets.
5. CONCLUSION. The conclusion that some type of flying object has been observed over the U.S. seems to be substantiated. It is not known at this time whether these observations are misidentifications of domestically launched devices, natural phenomena, or foreign unconventional aircraft. It is, therefore, impossible to make any reliable explanation for their appearance over the U.S. or the tactics which they may employ if the objects observed include any foreign developments in aeronautical fields. It is likewise impossible at this time to contain discussions of possible performance characteristics or tactics within limits of practical reason, if for no other reason than the fact that proof of the existence of a foreign development of this type would necessarily introduce considerations of new principals and means not yet considered practical possibilities in our own research and development.
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Appendix "B" map showed locations of UFO sightings in U.S. comprising reports of:
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1. A NUMBER of reports on unidentified flying objects come from observers who, because of their technical background and experience do not appear to be influenced by unfounded sensationalism nor inclined to report explainable phenomena as new types of airborne devices. Some of the details of their reports are presented in this appendix, along with those from possibly less reliable sources who have reported evidence which is of such a nature that it cannot be entirely ignored.
2. DESCRIPTIONS OF significant incidents, arranged chronologically, follow:
a. During April 1947, two employees of the Weather Bureau Station at Richmond, Virginia reported seeing a strange metallic disk on three occasions through the theodolite while making PIBAL observations. One observation was at 15,000 feet when a disk was followed for 15 seconds. The disk appeared metallic, shaped something like an ellipse with a flat bottom and a round top. It appeared below the balloon and was much larger in size. The disk appeared to be moving rather rapidly, although it was impossible to estimate its speed. The other observations were made at 27,000 feet in like manner.
b. The following month, Byron B. Savage, a field engineer for Radio Corporation of America, reported a disk flying near his home in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The object was thought to be at an altitude between 10,000 feet and 18,000 feet, and was moving toward the north at a high rate of speed, leaving no trailing effects.
c. While flying at 10,000 feet on a course of 300 degrees, 30 miles northwest of Lake Meade, Nevada, an Air Force lieutenant reported seeing five or six white circular objects in close formation and traveling at an estimated speed of 285 miles per hour. This sighting occurred on 28 June 1947.
d. The following day a party of three, two of them scientists, were motoring along Highway 17 toward the White Sand, New Mexico, V-2 firing grounds and reported seeing a large disk or sphere moving horizontally at a high speed and an estimated altitude of 10,000 feet. It was of uniform shape and had no protruding surfaces such as wings. The object was in sight for about 60 seconds before it disappeared to the northeast. The three observers agreed on the details of the sighting except that one thought he had seen vapor trails.
e. On 7 July 1947, five Portland, Oregon police officers reported varying numbers of disks flying over different parts of the city. All observations were made within a minute or two of 1305 hours.
f. On the same day, William Rhoads of Phoenix, Arizona allegedly saw a disk circling his locality during sunset and took two photographs. The resulting pictures (page 9) show a disk-like object with a round front and a square tail in plan form. These photographs have been examined by experts who state they are true photographic images and do not appear to be imperfection in the emulsion or imperfections in the lens. (See Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4.)
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g. On 10 July 1947, Mr. Woodruff, a Pan-American Airways mechanic reported a circular object flying at high velocity, paralleling the earth's surface and leaving a trail which appeared as a "burning up" of the cloud formation. The sighting occurred near Harmon Field, Newfoundland. Two other persons also saw the trail which remained in the sky for about an hour and was photographed by another PAA employee. The resulting photographs support Mr. Woodruff's observation as far as the sky cleavage is concerned. (See Figs, 5 and 6.)
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h. On 29 July 1947, Kenneth Arnold, while flying near Tacoma, Washington, reported a formation of flying objects. The sketch of their shape corresponds closely to that shown in the photographs made by Mr. Rhoads. On the same day, two U.S. Air Force pilots at Hamilton Field reported two flying disks trailing a P-80, following it toward Oakland, California.
i. On 4 August 1947, the pilot and co-pilot of a DC-3, flying for one Al Jones, near Bethel, Alaska, reported a flying disk larger than their aircraft. This disk crossed their path at about 1,000 feet and they turned to give chase. The DC-3 was flying at 170 mph, but the disk flew out of sight in four minutes.
j. On 12 November 1947, two flying disks trailing jet-like streams of fire were reportedly sighted from the bridge of the tanker Ticonderoga, according to the second officer. The Ticonderoga was 20 miles off the Oregon shore. This officer said the disks were in sight 45 seconds, moving at a speed estimated at 700-900mph, curving in a long, low arc.
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k. On 7 January 1948, a National Guard pilot was killed while attempting to chase an unidentified object up to 30,000 feet. While it is presumed that this pilot suffered anoxia, resulting in his crash, his last message to the tower was, "It appears to be metallic object....of tremendous size...directly ahead and slightly above....I am trying to close for a better look."
l. On 5 April 1948, three trained balloon observers from the Geophysics Laboratory Section, Watson Laboratories, N.J. reported seeing a round, indistinct object in the vicinity of Hollman Air Force Base, New Mexico. It was very high and fast, and appeared to execute violent maneuvers at high speed. The object was under observation for approximately 30 seconds and disappeared suddenly.
m. A yellow or light colored sphere, 25 to 40 feet in diameter was reported by Lt. Comdr. Marcus L. Lowe, USN, just south of Anacostia Naval Air Station, D.C., while he was flying on 30 April 1948. It was moving at a speed of approximately 100 miles per hour at an altitude of about 4,500 feet. Although winds aloft were from the north-northwest, its course was to the north.
n. On 1 July 1948, twelve disks were reported over the Rapid City Air Base by Major Hammer. These disks were oval-shaped, about 100 feet long, flying at a speed estimated to be in excess of 500 mph. Descending from 10,000 feet, these disks made a 30-degree to 40-degree climbing turn accelerating very rapidly until out of sight.
o. On 17 July 1948, a report from Kirtland Air Force Base describes a sighting in the vicinity of San Acacia, New Mexico, of seven unidentified objects flying in a "J" formation at an estimated height of 20,000 feet above the terrain. The formation varied from "J" to "L" to circle after passing the zenith. Flashes from the objects were observed after passing 30 degrees beyond the zenith but there was no smoke or vapor trail. If the reported altitude is correct the speed was estimated at 1,500 miles per hour, according to the report.
p. Other sightings of lights and trails, rather than disks, have been reported, viz:
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(1) On 12 September 1947, the pilot and co-pilot of a Pan-American aircraft, en route from Midway to Honolulu, saw a blue-white light approaching, changing to twin reddish glows upon withdrawal. The pilot estimated the speed of the light at about 1,000 knots. (2) On 15 June 1948, Mr. Booneville, territory manager for the B.F Goodrich Company, observed a reddish glow with a jet exhaust in the vicinity of Miles City, Montana. This glowing light made no sound, traveled about twice the speed of a conventional aircraft and flew from north to south several times in a wide arc, finally disappearing over the horizon. |
q. During the early morning of 25 July 1948, two Eastern Airlines pilots reported having seen a huge flying craft similar to a V-2 pass their aircraft in flight. (See Figs. 7 and 8.) The attached drawings made by these two observers very closely resemble a flying object reported to have been seen on 20 July 1948, by A. D. Otter, chief investigator of Court of Damage Inquiry, and his daughter at Arnham, Netherlands. This object appeared to be a wingless aircraft having two decks. The craft, sighted four times through scattered clouds and unlimited visibility, was traveling at high speed at a high altitude. A sound similar to that made by a V-2 was reported.
r. An object, similar in shape to the one in the preceding incident was reported by an experienced American newspaper reporter about 25 kilometers northeast of Moscow on 3 August 1948. A Russian acquaintance identified it as a rigid airship but the reporter disagrees because it flew at a high, but not excessive speed.
s. On 1 October 1948 at approximately 2030 hours the pilot of a F-51 aircraft, 2nd Lt. George F. Gorman (North Dakota Air National Guard), flying near Fargo, North Dakota, sighted an intermittent white light about 3,000 feet below his 4,500 feet cruising altitude. The pilot pursued the light which appeared to then take evasive tactics. The object or light out-turned, out-speeded, and out-climbed the F-51 in every instance during the attempt to intercept. The pilot lost contact 27
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minutes after the initial sighting. The same light was observed by three other witnesses from the ground: Mr. L. D. Jensen, Air Traffic Controller, Mr. Manuel E. Johnson, Assistant Traffic Controller, and Dr. L. N. Cannon, Occulist. A comparison of all testimony revealed that one object was sighted and that it consisted only of a small round ball of clear white light with no apparent shape attached. It was about 6 to 8 inches in diameter. At times it traveled faster than the F-51 and performed maneuvers in an evasive manner. When first sighted the ball of light was traveling at an estimated 250 miles per hour. Under this condition, the light was not continuous but blinked off and on. At high performance the white light was continuous. Subsequent investigation eliminated the possibility that this incident may have been another aircraft or a meteorological balloon.
t. On 18 November 1948 at approximately 2145 hours, three reserve pilots, 2nd Lt. Kenwood W. Jackson, 2nd Lt. Glen L. Stalker, and 2nd Lt. Henry G. Combs, flying near Andrews Field, Maryland, encountered an unidentified flying object. When first sighted, it appeared to be lighted and flying at about 1,700 feet. Three or four passes were made in an attempt to identify it. The pilot of the aircraft stated that while diving his aircraft at approximately 240 miles per hour, the object would climb vertically and then would drop below the aircraft from behind and continue to circle. On the last pass, the landing light was switched on and momentarily a dull gray glow from the object was observed. Lt. Combs stated he maintained contact for about ten minutes with the object flying between the lights of Washington, D.C. and his aircraft. All that could be observed was an oblong ball with one light, no wings and no exhaust flame. It finally made a very tight turn and headed toward the east coast at an estimated 500 to 600 miles per hour. At the same time Staff Sergeant John J. Kushner observed from the ground an unusual object in the air over Andrews Field. He stated that it was not very high and that it did not look like an aircraft.
3. REPORTS OF radar intercepts point to unusual air activity which may be related to flying objects.
4. Investigations conducted by Headquarters, Air Materiel Command, have definitely established the identification of 18 of approximately 210 so-called flying saucers which have been reported. Approximately nine per cent of the total number of incidents are, therefore, eliminated from further specific consideration. Among those incidents positively explained, three were hoaxes, two were from unreliable witnesses. In the remaining 13 eliminated incidents, objects were actually seen but investigation has shown that they were celestial bodies or phenomena, meteorological and carnival balloons, and airborne cosmic ray experimental equipment. The following examples are presented for comparison of the information reported by witnesses and true identification of the object involved:
a. On 22 July 1948, Captain Henry Glover (Ordnance Reserve) and his wife observed at Van Nuys, California, an object which they were unable to positively identify. Object at first appeared to be round and looked like a weather balloon at about 2,000 feet but there was no characteristic bobbing. The wind was blowing on the ground but the object was quite steady. During the time it was under observation, about an hour, it traveled through a vertical arc of about twenty-five (25) degrees or more. The observer concluded that it was not a celestial body. It has a bluish luminescence and as the sun set, the object's color gradually changed to orange at dusk and ceased to be illuminated almost instantaneously. The outline was clear and the air was clear with visibility unlimited. The object traveled from the east to the west.
This object was determined by investigation to have been a balloon carrying cosmic ray equipment.
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b. On 19 August 1948, at approximately 1050 hours an unidentified object was visible from the ground at Godman Air Force Base, Kentucky. This object was estimated to be at about 30,000 to 40,000 feet altitude, spherical in shape, bright silver color and gave a bright reflection from the sun. An F-51 was dispatched from Standiford Air Force Base, Kentucky, to observe the object. During observation from the ground, there was no change in the elevation of the object and it seemed to be moving southwest from Godman Air Force Base. The F-51 which was flying over Godman AFB at an altitude of 30,000 to 35,000 feet reported that it was unable to locate the object although it was still visible from the ground to the naked eye. Azimuth and elevation readings were taken by theodolite every minute and the path of the object was charted.
The object was determined to be the planet Venus by Mr. Moore, the head astronomer at the University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. It is believed that earlier Incidents at Godman Field (reference paragraph 2k, page 12, Appendix "C") may also have been observations of the planet Venus.
5. AMONG THOSE incidents still not positively explained, reported observations differ to some extent, but three general categories of sightings emerge -- the flying disk, the ball of fire and the large jet rocket. Interesting observations that were noted are:
a. Most of the objects are a thin disk, round on top and flat on the bottom. The front half of the disk is often circular, sweeping back to a square tail across the full width.
b. A high rate of climb as well as the apparent ability to remain motionless or hover for a considerable length of time is indicated.
c. Reported sizes have varied from that of a 25-cent piece to 250 feet in diameter, and from the size of a pursuit plane to the bulk of six B-29 airplanes.
d. Speeds have been estimated throughout the entire range from very slow or hovering to supersonic.
e. Sounds and visual trails are not normally associated with the sightings.
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1. AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERS in several countries have been engaged for some time in the design, construction and flight of flying wing type aircraft. The study of flying objects requires, at least, a brief examination of proposed and existing unconventional aircraft whose configurations, when seen by the the uninitiated, could lead to reports of strange flying devices. A description of some of the more significant types by country follows.
2. GERMANY. At the end of World War II, German aircraft designers had numerous projects under way concerning tailless aircraft which conceivably could be mistaken for "Flying Saucers" or disc-like objects. It is not clear just what the Soviets are doing in the way of developing these projects but it is considered that German studies on tailless, delta-wing, and related configurations are available to the U.S.S.R.
a. ARADO NIGHT AND BAD WEATHER FIGHTER, PROJECT I. This is a tailless, low-wing monoplane with swept-back wings of large root chord and having a long, narrow fuselage.
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Span |
60.3 feet | |
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Length |
42.6 feet | |
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Power Plant |
1 HeS O11 turbo jet unit | |
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Max. Speed (sea level) |
441 mph | |
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Max. Speed (29,500 feet) |
503 mph |
b. ARADO E 581-4. A high-wing tailless single-seater with a single jet unit mounted in the fuselage. Fin and rudder units are mounted on the wing midway between the fuselage and the wing tip at the trailing edge.
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Span |
29.3 feet | |
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Length |
18.4 feet | |
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Power Plant |
HeS O11 turbo jet unit | |
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Max. Speed (sea level) |
--- | |
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Max. Speed (service ceiling) |
--- |
c. GOTHA P 60-A. This was the first of the P 60 series of jet fighters. It is a flying wing type and, since the pilot and observer lie prone, there is no projecting canopy, thus permitting a particularly clean design. The jet units are mounted at the rear of the center section, one above and one below.
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Span |
40 feet 8 1/2 in. | |
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Wing Area |
504 square feet | |
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Power Plant |
2 BMW 003 turbo jet units | |
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Max. Speed (23,000 feet) |
596 miles per hour |
d. HEINKEL P-1080. This is a single-seat fighter with a sharply swept-back wing, resembling a flying wing type, but having a single fin and rudder with no tail plane.
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Span |
29.2 feet | |
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Wing Area |
218 square feet |
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No performance estimates are available |
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e. JUNKERS EF-130. Of the flying wing type, this project was established as a long-range, high-speed jet bomber.
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Span |
78.8 feet | |
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Wing Area |
1290 square feet | |
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Power Plant |
4 HeS O11 turbo jet units | |
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Max. Speed |
620 miles per hour | |
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Range |
3700 miles |
f. ME-329. This is a tailless mid-wing monoplane driven by two pusher propellers with the engine centrally located in the wings on each side of the stubby rounded fuselage.
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Span |
56 feet | |
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Length |
25.4 feet | |
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Max. Speed |
455-465 miles per hour | |
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Power Plant |
2 DB reciprocating engines |
g. HORTEN WING. The closest resemblance to the estimated configuration of "Flying Disks" is represented by the Horten Wing aircraft. Work on the Horten 229, a twin jet fighter, had progressed to the final stages at the end of World War II. Its prototype, a Horten glider, successfully soared to an altitude of 14,200 feet as early as 1938, proving the soundness of this design. (Figs. 1, 2, and 3)
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CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
3. GREAT BRITAIN
a. THE ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH. The AW 52 G, a glider, and the AW 52, a twin-jet airplane, are British designs of tailless aircraft. The vertical stabilizers are located at the tips of the swept-back wing. (Figs. 4 and 5.) Data on the AW 52 appear below:
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Span |
90 feet | |
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Length |
37 feet | |
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Max. Speed (sea level) |
435 knots | |
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Max. Speed (20,000 feet) |
435 knots | |
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Max. Speed (36,000 feet) |
417 knots | |
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Range |
1300 nautical miles | |
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Power Plant |
2 Nene II turbo jet units |
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CONFIDENTIAL
4. UNITED STATES.
a. NORTHROP B-35. This is a flying wing type aircraft, powered by four reciprocating engines and has a wing span of 172 feet and a length of only 53 feet. (See Fig. 6)
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b. NORTHROP YB-49. Powered by eight turbo-jet engines, this airplane is the jet-propelled version of the Northrop Flying Wing. (B-35) (See Fig. 7)
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c. CHANCE-VOUGHT XF5U-1. Developed by Chance-Vought Aircraft, this radical design promises the reality of high and low speed performance. Powered by two R-2000-2 engines, the airplane will have a speed range from 40 to 425 miles per hour. (See Fig. 8)
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d. ARUP TAILLESS MONOPLANE. Jane's "All The World's Aircraft" (1935 edition) describes this airplane as "a two-seat machine with a 70 h.p. LeBlond engine....This has a high aspect ratio wing with straight leading-edge and built in nacelle...." In plan form, the wing is almost semi-circular.
An Air Force film "Aeronautical Oddities", shows this airplane in flight at South Bend, Indiana and in some attitudes appears identical to the photograph included in Appendix "C"; as Figure 4. Although it is believed that the ARUP Manufacturing Co. is no longer in existence, it is possible that later models of this or similar U.S. civil aircraft may have been observed.
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Span |
22 feet | |
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Length |
19 feet | |
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Power Plant |
1 LeBlond engine | |
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Max. Speed |
86 miles per hour |
5. ALTHOUGH APPENDIX "D" is not intended to explain conclusively the phenomenon of "Flying Saucers" the possibility of unconventional type aircraft being the cause of flying disk reports must not be overlooked.
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Planet X
In the 1980's astronomers were searching for a 10th planet in our solar system, one that explained the perturbations of our outer planets, Uranus and Neptune. The planet was discovered, but since then we have heard nothing more about Planet X. Why has the discovery not been publicised since then?
A book called The 12th Planet written in 1976 by Zechariah Sitchin tells of the ancient Sumerian legends of a planet with a comet-like orbit that came into our area of the solar system every 3600 years. The inhabitants of this planet were like gods to the earth natives. They shuttled from their planet to earth with rockets and mined gold to take back to their home planet, Nibiru. He contends they were the ones the Bible in Genesis refers to as the Nefilim, and as giants.
Could this same Planet X or 12th Planet be the source of the many myths and legends that describe comets as portents of doom, and speak of battling planets? Could it be the cause of the periodic destruction's of great civilisations of the past by earthquakes, volcanoes, tidal waves, as described in many ancient texts, including the Bible, and by Velikovsky? Does Planet X cause a pole shift on earth as it passes by?
Geologists, not recognising the periodic cataclysmic nature of our planet, look at ancient fossils and calculate they are millions of years old. That is only because they calculate the cataclysmic events as required to take millions of years to happen. Once they recognise that these events could have occurred suddenly, in a matter of days, their historical timelines will be drastically altered.
After seeing the Comet Shoemaker-Levy crash into the planet Jupiter a few years ago, astronomers now realise the possibility of asteroids and comets similarly affecting earth.
Their most recent discoveries of planets circling other stars, planets with elliptical orbits, circling two stars, "rogue" planets, methane "brown-dwarf" planets, are all proof that no matter how certain science is one day that something is silly and impossible, they can be proven quite wrong the next. The best scientists are, therefore, not the hardened sceptics, but those who continually keep an open mind.
In January 1981 several daily newspapers stated that Pluto's orbit indicates that Planet X exists. The report stated that an astronomer from the U.S Naval Observatory told a meeting of the American Astronomical Society that irregularities in the orbit of Pluto indicates that the solar system contains a 10th planet. He also noted that this came to no surprise to Zechariah Sitchin, whose book about this planet came out three years prior.
In 1982 NASA themselves officially recognised the possibility of Planet X, with an announcement that an object is really there - far beyond the outermost planets.
One year later in 1983 the newly launched IRAS (Infrared Astronomical Satellite) quickly found Planet X (the 10th). The Washington Post summary of an with the chief IRAS scientist from JPL California had these words to say, a heavenly body as large as Jupiter (The size being in perfect parallel to the ancients knowledge) and part of this solar system has been found in the direction of the constellation of Orion by an orbiting telescope. The orbiting telescope found it right where it was sent to look. They had known of its existence and location for years but wanted to confirm it with our own technological eyes. These are facts I strongly urge you to check out for yourself. There have been attempts to cover-up this event and rewrite history.
Perhaps Nibiru is not a planet at all, but a small system consisting of a Brown Dwarf Star and a small accompanying planet. Brown dwarfs were, until recently, only theoretical planet/star hybrids. Astronomers believe that they have now located some brown dwarfs, whose luminosity is so low as to make their detection extremely difficult. Essentially, they are the product of an accreting gas cloud that is several times more massive than that which eventually made Jupiter. Beyond a certain threshold of mass, reactions within this world lead to the emission of heat and a minute amount of light, but the body is still too small to set off the thermonuclear chain reactions that ignite a conventional star. They appear a dull red, contrary to the colour that their name would suggest, and do not increase beyond the spherical dimensions of Jupiter, despite having a greater mass.
They are thought to be relatively commonplace in the Universe, and their relative lack of appearances thus far reflect their dark star qualities. If one is in orbit around the Sun, then it is quite plausible that its detection by telescope has not yet occurred, so one can understand the paucity of tangible data from further afield. But as we become more able to detect and observe planets around other stars, so will our ability to observe this maverick in our own system increase.
The sensational aspect of all this is when one starts to consider this world as a very dim star, rather than a planet. The implication is that we are in a binary star system! Of course, the brown dwarf alluded to is not a star in the conventional sense, but it may emit enough light and heat to make possible moons around it life supporting. Considering its distance from the Sun in the extreme cold of the void, that possibility is an exciting one. It is certainly the case that any terrestrial planet that far from the Sun would not be able to support life on its own.
So, what if this Brown Dwarf in fact had planets circling in close proximity around it. Surely this would better explain the presence of life. After all, the Nibiruans are supposed to have lived on the Earth and then fled to their home planet, which takes it on a 3600-year orbit out of the known solar system. If that was the case, and it was just a planet and not an actual Brown Dwarf/Planetary system, how could life be sustained in the far reaches of our Solar System? The Brown Dwarf theory makes much more sense and has a correlation with the Hopi Prophecies. When an object in space is moving towards the observer its colour changes by means of the Doppler effect. This is effectively where the light waves are "squashed" together and shift towards a different light spectrum. When the object is moving towards the observer at high speed it turns blue. The Hopi prophecies quite clearly refer to the Blue Star that shines in the heavens
Newton's law of gravity is insufficient to explain planetary science. Planets are magnetic objects and also have a repulsion force that creates the balance between them and keeps them moving. The momentum theory for planets is positively ridiculous. What we call modern astronomical and planetary science is still very much in the dark ages because of this. Play with two magnets to find out that if both are turned a certain way it's difficult to get them to touch because of the repulsion force. The exclusion of the repulsion force in planetary science is a gigantic flaw and political embarrassment to any who've been involved. The story of the Emperor with no clothes is a perfect analogy for how it's being dealt with.
The earth's 30 miles thick crust acts as a magnetic shield, hiding the true magnetic relationships between planets from our terrestrial scientific instruments. If you want to begin to understand the workings of the solar system you would do better just to eat a Fig Newton cookie than to read Newton's law of gravity that does not take into account the repulsion force. The most interesting scientific revelations off planet that are discovered are generally kept quite from the public under the guise of military security reasons by the financial controllers of these institutions who are pulling the puppet strings.
History records many names for Planet X. The Sumerian's called it the 12th planet or Nibiru (translates into; planet of passing). The Babylonians and Mesopotamians called it Marduk, The King of The Heavens and The Great Heavenly Body. The ancient Hebrews referred to it as the Winged Globe because of its long orbit high among the stars. The Greeks called it Nemesis. (Its most telling name) Prophets have named it The Blue Star, The Red Star, The Fiery Messenger, and The Comet of Doom among others. No matter what the name used, it's the same object that has the same effects before and during its passage of earth. The Sumerians also had a name for it's approximate 3600-year orbit (A Shar). The ancient Hindu astronomers named Treta Yuga (3600 years) and the destruction it causes Kali Yuga.
Look to Discovering Archaeology, July/August 1999, on page 72. The date 1628 BCE is given for a world wide catastrophic event. Approximately 3600 years ago and coinciding with its return at this time. Page 70 shows a medieval picture with a large comet looking object as big as the sun streaking across the sky horizontally with a giant tail. Below is a town that is shaking apart with hysterical people in the streets.
Its elliptical orbit takes it around two suns. The other sun it orbits is our suns dark twin. Our best telescopic equipment on and off earth is closely monitoring Nibiru’s inbound approach. This is one of many reasons the orbiting Hubble telescope live feed is hidden from our view. The most accurate calculation for Planet X's next passage is now late May or June 2003.
Each time it approaches it starts a chain of events that culminates with it passing by and causing our earth's surface to change. These changes are the cause of massive death and destruction. History is rich with these stories. Many people from the past didn't draw the connection between what looked to be a large comet overhead and what they were experiencing at the time (volcanoes erupting, earthquakes, land masses sinking and rising, tidal waves, severe weather and floods). Some of these writers from the distant past simply noted what they thought was a foreboding sign or messenger of the prophets, instead of the cause for their woes.
In 1995 Planet X became close enough to us that its magnetism started to effect earth in a big way, which increases now daily. The closer it gets to us the faster it moves toward earth and the stronger its magnetic effects become. There is an ebb and flow to these events that are akin to the calm waves before the next big set. Surfers would be most familiar with this analogy. Expect things to get worse as it approaches nearer but not in a straight line.
Our own sun's gravity is what is pulling it closer and faster. Planet X is not going to hit earth or the sun because of the repulsion force which comes into play as they near each other. There is still reason to be forewarned and concerned.
Earth now has two strong magnetic influences in the vicinity (our sun being the main one) and its core is heating up because of it. It's like a car with the accelerator and brake on at the same time. The sun is pushing and pulling on earth one way and Planet X is now upsetting that balance with its own set of influences. This has been the reason for all the strange weather and seismic activity as of late.
The records of this approximate 7 years of turmoil prior to passing are part of biblical record from at least the last time it came by earth. With correct scientific and historical information you don't need to be a prophet to predict the same cycle of events are happening again during Planet X's approach. These events are just a minor taste of what will come when it goes by this time. And yet even these relatively minor events can cause much destruction. Many areas of the world will begin to be severely effected even before the date of passing in 2003, so don't think you can wait to the last minute and then jet away safely!!
I sincerely hope that Zitchin, the Hopi and others are proved wrong, otherwise we are all in for an extremely rough ride in the next few years…
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