Anatomy Physiology: Pericardium encloses 30ml fluid

Anatomy/ Physiology: Pericardium encloses 30ml fluid

Epicardium- thin serous outer layer Myocardium thick muscular layer Endocardium Smooth inner layer
Right Atrium – venous blood from Vena Cava, coronary sinus

Right Ventricle – receives from right atrium & ejects to Lungs

Left Atrium Receives blood from lungs

Left Ventricle receives from Right Atrium & ejects to Body

Valves:

Tricuspid - Right Atrium & Right Ventricle

Mitral Valve – (Bicuspid) Left Atrium and Left Ventricle

Semilunar Valves(between each ventricle and its corresponding artery)

Pulmonic Valve (Right Ventricle & Pulmonary artery)

Aortic Valve ( Left Ventricle & Aorta)

Papillary muscles – muscle bundles

Chordae tendineae ( keep valves closed during Systole)

Coronary Arteries supply heart with blood (right artery/ Left MAIN artery)

Left main artery divides left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

Electrical Pathways:

Sinoatrial node(SA node)à AV nodeà Bundle of Hisà RBB/LBBà Purkinje fibers

Electro Impulse Activity: Phases of ECG are PQRST wave. (60 –100 bpm)

P wave: the sequential activation (depolarization) of the right and left atria
QRS complex: right and left ventricular depolarization (normally the ventricles are activated simultaneously)
ST-T wave: ventricular repolarization
U wave: origin for this wave is not clear - but probably represents "afterdepolarizations" in the ventricles
PR interval: time interval from onset of atrial depolarization (P wave) to onset of ventricular depolarization (QRS complex)
QRS duration: duration of ventricular muscle depolarization
QT interval: duration of ventricular depolarization and repolarization
RR interval: duration of ventricular cardiac cycle (an indicator of ventricular rate)
PP interval: duration of atrial cycle (an indicator or atrial rate)
Function of the heart:

Cardiac Output – Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in 1min. (CO=SV x HR)

Stroke Volume = amt of blood ejected by left ventricle w/ ea heart beet
Preload – end diastolic filling volume of the ventricle~ increases by increased returning volume to Ventricle
Afteload – resistance to left ventrical ejection~ increases by increased systemic arterial pressure
Heart rate- number of heartbeets per minute. Normal 60-100

Cardiac Cycle – ea complete heartbeat. Two phases

Systole – Contraction Phase
Diastole – relaxation (filling) stage

Heart Sounds – result from vibrations caused by valve closure and ventricular filling

S1 – First heart sound (tricuspid & mitral valve closure)
S2 – Second Sound Heard (aortic and pulmonic valve closure)
S3 – Third sound heard (Ventricular gallop) (normal younger than 30/pathologic in older persons during rapid ventricular filling)
S4- fourth heart sound(Atrial gallop)linked to resistance to ventricular filling * hypertrophy or injury*

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