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Introduction to Nanotechnology
About Nanotechnology
Technology has to do with the application of scientific knowledge to the economic
(profitable) production of goods and services. This site is concerned with the size
or scale of working machines and devices in different forms of technology. Physical behavior at the
nanometer scale is predicted accurately by quantum mechanics, represented by
Schrodinger's equation. Schrodinger's equation provides a quantitative understand-
understanding of the structure and properties of atoms. Chemical matter, molecules, and even
the cells of biology, being made of atoms, are therefore, in principle, accurately
described (given enough computing power) by this well tested formulation of nanotechnology and
nano physics.
There are often advantages in making devices smaller, as in modern semi conductor semiconductor electronics. What are the limits to miniaturization, how small a device can be made? Any device must be composed of atoms, whose sizes are the order of 0.1 nanometer. Here the word "nanotechnology" will be associated with human- designed working devices in which some essential element or elements, produced in a controlled fashion, have sizes of 0.1 nm to thousands of nanometers, or, one Angstrom to one micron. There is thus an overlap with "microtechnology" at the micrometer size scale. Microelectronics is the most advanced present technology, apart from biology, whose complex operating units are on a scale as small as micro- micrometers.
Nanotechnology literally means any technology performed on a nanoscale that has applications in the real world. Nanotechnology encompasses the production and application of physical, chemical, and biological systems at scales ranging from individual atoms or molecules to submicron dimensions, as well as the integration of the resulting nanostructures into larger systems. Nanotechnology is likely to have a pro- found impact on our economy and society in the early twenty-firstcentury,comparable to that of semiconductor technology, information technology, or cellular and molecular biology. Science and technology research in nanotechnology promises breakthroughs in such areas as materials and manufacturing,nanoelectronics,medicine and health care,energy,biotechnology,information technology, and national security. It is widely felt that nanotechnology will be the next industrial revolution.
Investing in nanotechnology - About Nanotechnology Investments
Venture capital is money that is typically invested in young, unproven companies with the potential to develop into multibillion-dollar industry leaders, and it has been an increasingly important source of funds for high-technology start-up companies in the last several years. Venture capitalists are the agents that provide these financial resources as well as business guidance in exchange for ownership in a new business venture. VCs typically hope to garner returns in excess of 3050 percent per year on their investments. They expect to do so over a four- to seven-year time horizon, which is the period of time, on average, that it takes a start-up company to reach a liquidity event (a merger, acquisition, or initial public offering).Very few high-tech start-up companies are attractive candidates for VC investment. This is especially true for nanotechnology start-ups, because the commercialization of nanoscience is still in its nascent stages. Companies that are appropriate for VC investment generally have some combination of the following five characteristics: (1) an innovative (or disruptive) product idea based on defensible intellectual property that gives the company a sustainable competitive advantage; (2) a large and growing market opportunity that is greater than $1 billion and is growing at more than 2030 percent per year; (3) reasonable time to market (one to three years) for the first product to be introduced; (4) a strong management team of seasoned executives; and (5) early customers and relationships with strategic partners, with a strong likelihood of significant revenue.
An early-stage start-up company rarely possesses all of these characteristics and often does not need to in order to attract venture financing. Indeed, early-stage start-ups are often funded without complete management teams, strategic partners, or customers. Absent these characteristics, however, there should be, at a minimum, a passionate, visionary entrepreneur who helped develop the core technology and wants to play an integral role in building the company.
Nanotechnology Start-up Companies - About Nanotechnology Stocks
Nanotechnology start-up companies should not expect to defy fundamental business principles, as did the Internet companies of the mid- to late 1990s, if only for a brief period. Nanotechnology companies should expect to be measured by standard metrics and to confront the same industry dynamics and fundamental business issues (for example, personnel choices, sales strategy, high-volume manufacturing, efficient allocation of capital, marketing, execution of their business model, time-to-market challenges, and so on) that face the other companies in their relevant industry category.
Certain key characteristics often differentiate nanotechnology start-up companies. They possess a technology platform with a body of intellectual property and a team of scientists, but no formal business plan, product strategy, well-defined market opportunity, or management team. Second, they are founded by (or are associated with) leading researchers at top-tier academic institutions. They employ a financing approach that highly leverages equity financing with the application of grant funding, and they need to have a more scientifically diverse workforce than other start-up companies.
It is common for these companies to employ chemists, physicists, engineers, biologists, computer scientists, and materials scientists because of the interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology and the unique skills and knowledge that are required for product commercialization. Moreover, nanotech companies tend to sign up development partners (usually larger, more established companies) early in their maturation to provide technology validation and additional resources in the form of development funds, access to technology, sales and distribution channels, and manufacturing expertise.
Nanotechnology start-up companies can best be classified into six primary categories: nanomaterials and nanomaterials processing; nanobiotechnology; nanosoftware; nanophotonics; nanoelectronics, and nanoinstrumentation. Many companies in the nanomaterials category are developing methods and processes to manufacture a range of nanomaterials in large quantities as well as developing techniques to functionalize, solubilize, and integrate these materials into unique formulations. A variety of nanomaterials will ultimately be integrated into a host of end products (several are on the market) that will provide unique properties, such as scratch resistance, increased stiffness and strength, reduced friction and wear, greater electrical and thermal conductivity, and so on.
The three areas that have received the most funding based on dollars invested are nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, and nanoinstrumentation. However, in terms of the absolute number of companies that have been funded, nanomaterials companies are the clear leader.
Nanobiotechnology is the application of nanotechnology to biological systems. Applications exist in all of the traditional areas of biotechnology, such as therapeutics discovery and production, drug-delivery systems technologies, diagnostics, and so on. Incorporating nanotechnology into biotechnology will lead to the enhanced ability to label, detect, and study biological systems (such as genes, proteins, DNA fragments, single molecules, and so on) with great precision as well as to develop unique drug targets and therapies.
Nanoelectronics is based upon individual or ordered assemblies of nanometer-scale device components. These building blocks could lead to devices with significant cost advantages and performance attributes, such as extremely low power operation (~nanoWatt), ultra-high device densities (~1 trillion elements/cm2), and blazing speed (~1 Terahertz switching rates). In addition, the possibility exists of enabling a new class of devices with unique functionality. Examples include, but are not limited to, multi-state logic elements; high-quantum-efficiency, low-power, tunable, multicolor light-emitting diodes (LEDs); low-power, high-density nonvolatile random access memory (RAM); quantum dot-based lasers; universal analyte sensors; low-impedance, high-speed interconnects, and so on.
Nanophotonics companies are developing highly integrated, subwavelength optical communications components using a combination of proprietary nanomaterials and nanotech manufacturing technologies, along with standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processing. This provides for the low-cost integration of electronic and photonic components on a single chip. Products in this category include low-cost, high-performance devices for high-speed optical communications, such as wavelength converters, tunable filters, polarization combiners, reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs), optical transceivers, and so on.
Nanoinstrumentation is based on tools that manipulate, image, chemically profile, and write matter on a nanometer-length scale (far less than 100nm). These tools include the well-known microscopy techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), as well as newer techniques such as dip-pen nanolithography (DPN), nanoimprint lithography (NIL), and atom probe microscopes for elucidating three-dimensional atomic composition and structure of solid materials and thin films. These are the basic tools that enable scientists and engineers to perform nanoscale science and to develop nanotechnology products.
Nanosoftware is based on modeling and simulation tools for research in advanced materials (cheminformatics) and the design, development, and testing of drugs in the biotechnology industry (bioinformatics). This category also includes electronic and photonic architecture, structure, and device modeling tools such as specific incarnations of electronic design automation (EDA) software or quantum simulations, and so on. In addition, one might further include proprietary software packages developed to operate nanoinstrumentation-based tools or interpret data collected from such instruments.
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Suddenly, nanotechnology isn't science fiction or mere theory: It's becoming one of the world's fastest-growing, highest-impact industries. In Nanotechnology there is Science, Innovation, and Opportunity, how it will unfold over the coming decade, and how it will impact you and will change the Engineering forever.
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The Building Blocks in Nanotechnology and Nanotechnology Manufacturing
Throughout this discussion, we use the term “building blocks” to describe the nanomaterials that can be positioned and manipulated for a variety of different applications. The analogy of building a house is appropriate to under- standing nanotechnology. Houses can be comprised of a variety of materials: wood, nails, sheet rock, bricks, and so on. Just as a builder puts together different shapes and pieces of these materials to construct a home, nanotech- nologists experiment with a variety of different nanomaterials to build complex materials, devices, and systems.
Atoms are the most basic units of matter. They can be combined to form more complex structures such as molecules, crystals, and compounds. Nanomaterials are arrangements of matter in the length scale of approximately 1 to 100 nanometers that exhibit unique characteristics due to their size. Fabrication, or the making, of nanomaterials falls into one of two categories: top-down or bottom-up.
About nanotechnology - Introduction Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology has affected nearly every field of Engineering and Science but most of the innovation and funding (private) in Nanotechnology came from Electronics giants, in search for making faster computers. The other fields that worked with nano electronics hand in hand were nano-photonics and nano-instrumentation. Also the marketing and making of nano gadgets started from the computers and mobiles which are the only machines made at nano scale that were available economically in the market at a very early stage. So it is of no doubt that the only area where nanotechnology penetrated deeply is electronics where it had lead to cost advantage and performance attributes especially in transistors and today we have 1 billion transistors in the latest processor. The backbone of nanotechnology in electronics are the results that we have taken from nano physics that is quantum physics and solid state physics because then we talk of things at nano scale these are the two stream of physics that helps us in predicting things. Eventually when we talk of electronics it is all about electrons and how we use them in various gadgets to get the required result. So it is very important to know electrons and how it behaves at nano scale in electronics.
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