I an Under-Graduate student of engineering, I have done quite some work on Nanotechnology, took part in many competetions related to Nanotechnology, presented many research papers on Nanotechnology and have made this website as the biggest portal for nanotech downloads so that I can share about my work on Nanotechnology. What I believe is

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Introduction to Nanotechnology
About Nanotechnology

Technology has to do with the application of scientific knowledge to the economic (profitable) production of goods and services. This site is concerned with the size or scale of working machines and devices in different forms of technology. Physical behavior at the nanometer scale is predicted accurately by quantum mechanics, represented by Schrodinger's equation. Schrodinger's equation provides a quantitative understand- understanding of the structure and properties of atoms. Chemical matter, molecules, and even the cells of biology, being made of atoms, are therefore, in principle, accurately described (given enough computing power) by this well tested formulation of nanotechnology and nano physics.

There are often advantages in making devices smaller, as in modern semi conductor semiconductor electronics. What are the limits to miniaturization, how small a device can be made? Any device must be composed of atoms, whose sizes are the order of 0.1 nanometer. Here the word "nanotechnology" will be associated with human- designed working devices in which some essential element or elements, produced in a controlled fashion, have sizes of 0.1 nm to thousands of nanometers, or, one Angstrom to one micron. There is thus an overlap with "microtechnology" at the micrometer size scale. Microelectronics is the most advanced present technology, apart from biology, whose complex operating units are on a scale as small as micro- micrometers.

Nanotechnology literally means any technology performed on a nanoscale that has applications in the real world. Nanotechnology encompasses the production and application of physical, chemical, and biological systems at scales ranging from individual atoms or molecules to submicron dimensions, as well as the integration of the resulting nanostructures into larger systems. Nanotechnology is likely to have a pro- found impact on our economy and society in the early twenty-firstcentury,comparable to that of semiconductor technology, information technology, or cellular and molecular biology. Science and technology research in nanotechnology promises breakthroughs in such areas as materials and manufacturing,nanoelectronics,medicine and health care,energy,biotechnology,information technology, and national security. It is widely felt that nanotechnology will be the next industrial revolution.

Investing in nanotechnology - About Nanotechnology Investments

Venture capital is money that is typically invested in young, unproven companies with the potential to develop into multibillion-dollar industry leaders, and it has been an increasingly important source of funds for high-technology start-up companies in the last several years. Venture capitalists are the agents that provide these financial resources as well as business guidance in exchange for ownership in a new business venture. VCs typically hope to garner returns in excess of 3050 percent per year on their investments. They expect to do so over a four- to seven-year time horizon, which is the period of time, on average, that it takes a start-up company to reach a liquidity event (a merger, acquisition, or initial public offering).

Very few high-tech start-up companies are attractive candidates for VC investment. This is especially true for nanotechnology start-ups, because the commercialization of nanoscience is still in its nascent stages. Companies that are appropriate for VC investment generally have some combination of the following five characteristics: (1) an innovative (or disruptive) product idea based on defensible intellectual property that gives the company a sustainable competitive advantage; (2) a large and growing market opportunity that is greater than $1 billion and is growing at more than 2030 percent per year; (3) reasonable time to market (one to three years) for the first product to be introduced; (4) a strong management team of seasoned executives; and (5) early customers and relationships with strategic partners, with a strong likelihood of significant revenue.

An early-stage start-up company rarely possesses all of these characteristics and often does not need to in order to attract venture financing. Indeed, early-stage start-ups are often funded without complete management teams, strategic partners, or customers. Absent these characteristics, however, there should be, at a minimum, a passionate, visionary entrepreneur who helped develop the core technology and wants to play an integral role in building the company.

Nanotechnology Start-up Companies - About Nanotechnology Stocks

Nanotechnology start-up companies should not expect to defy fundamental business principles, as did the Internet companies of the mid- to late 1990s, if only for a brief period. Nanotechnology companies should expect to be measured by standard metrics and to confront the same industry dynamics and fundamental business issues (for example, personnel choices, sales strategy, high-volume manufacturing, efficient allocation of capital, marketing, execution of their business model, time-to-market challenges, and so on) that face the other companies in their relevant industry category.
Certain key characteristics often differentiate nanotechnology start-up companies. They possess a technology platform with a body of intellectual property and a team of scientists, but no formal business plan, product strategy, well-defined market opportunity, or management team. Second, they are founded by (or are associated with) leading researchers at top-tier academic institutions. They employ a financing approach that highly leverages equity financing with the application of grant funding, and they need to have a more scientifically diverse workforce than other start-up companies.

It is common for these companies to employ chemists, physicists, engineers, biologists, computer scientists, and materials scientists because of the interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology and the unique skills and knowledge that are required for product commercialization. Moreover, nanotech companies tend to sign up development partners (usually larger, more established companies) early in their maturation to provide technology validation and additional resources in the form of development funds, access to technology, sales and distribution channels, and manufacturing expertise.

Nanotechnology start-up companies can best be classified into six primary categories: nanomaterials and nanomaterials processing; nanobiotechnology; nanosoftware; nanophotonics; nanoelectronics, and nanoinstrumentation. Many companies in the nanomaterials category are developing methods and processes to manufacture a range of nanomaterials in large quantities as well as developing techniques to functionalize, solubilize, and integrate these materials into unique formulations. A variety of nanomaterials will ultimately be integrated into a host of end products (several are on the market) that will provide unique properties, such as scratch resistance, increased stiffness and strength, reduced friction and wear, greater electrical and thermal conductivity, and so on.

The three areas that have received the most funding based on dollars invested are nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, and nanoinstrumentation. However, in terms of the absolute number of companies that have been funded, nanomaterials companies are the clear leader.

Nanobiotechnology is the application of nanotechnology to biological systems. Applications exist in all of the traditional areas of biotechnology, such as therapeutics discovery and production, drug-delivery systems technologies, diagnostics, and so on. Incorporating nanotechnology into biotechnology will lead to the enhanced ability to label, detect, and study biological systems (such as genes, proteins, DNA fragments, single molecules, and so on) with great precision as well as to develop unique drug targets and therapies.

Nanoelectronics is based upon individual or ordered assemblies of nanometer-scale device components. These building blocks could lead to devices with significant cost advantages and performance attributes, such as extremely low power operation (~nanoWatt), ultra-high device densities (~1 trillion elements/cm2), and blazing speed (~1 Terahertz switching rates). In addition, the possibility exists of enabling a new class of devices with unique functionality. Examples include, but are not limited to, multi-state logic elements; high-quantum-efficiency, low-power, tunable, multicolor light-emitting diodes (LEDs); low-power, high-density nonvolatile random access memory (RAM); quantum dot-based lasers; universal analyte sensors; low-impedance, high-speed interconnects, and so on.

Nanophotonics companies are developing highly integrated, subwavelength optical communications components using a combination of proprietary nanomaterials and nanotech manufacturing technologies, along with standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processing. This provides for the low-cost integration of electronic and photonic components on a single chip. Products in this category include low-cost, high-performance devices for high-speed optical communications, such as wavelength converters, tunable filters, polarization combiners, reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs), optical transceivers, and so on.

Nanoinstrumentation is based on tools that manipulate, image, chemically profile, and write matter on a nanometer-length scale (far less than 100nm). These tools include the well-known microscopy techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), as well as newer techniques such as dip-pen nanolithography (DPN), nanoimprint lithography (NIL), and atom probe microscopes for elucidating three-dimensional atomic composition and structure of solid materials and thin films. These are the basic tools that enable scientists and engineers to perform nanoscale science and to develop nanotechnology products.

Nanosoftware is based on modeling and simulation tools for research in advanced materials (cheminformatics) and the design, development, and testing of drugs in the biotechnology industry (bioinformatics). This category also includes electronic and photonic architecture, structure, and device modeling tools such as specific incarnations of electronic design automation (EDA) software or quantum simulations, and so on. In addition, one might further include proprietary software packages developed to operate nanoinstrumentation-based tools or interpret data collected from such instruments.

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Suddenly, nanotechnology isn't science fiction or mere theory: It's becoming one of the world's fastest-growing, highest-impact industries. In Nanotechnology there is Science, Innovation, and Opportunity, how it will unfold over the coming decade, and how it will impact you and will change the Engineering forever.

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The Building Blocks in Nanotechnology and Nanotechnology Manufacturing

Throughout this discussion, we use the term “building blocks” to describe the nanomaterials that can be positioned and manipulated for a variety of different applications. The analogy of building a house is appropriate to under- standing nanotechnology. Houses can be comprised of a variety of materials: wood, nails, sheet rock, bricks, and so on. Just as a builder puts together different shapes and pieces of these materials to construct a home, nanotech- nologists experiment with a variety of different nanomaterials to build complex materials, devices, and systems.
Atoms are the most basic units of matter. They can be combined to form more complex structures such as molecules, crystals, and compounds. Nanomaterials are arrangements of matter in the length scale of approximately 1 to 100 nanometers that exhibit unique characteristics due to their size. Fabrication, or the making, of nanomaterials falls into one of two categories: top-down or bottom-up.

About nanotechnology - Introduction Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology has affected nearly every field of Engineering and Science but most of the innovation and funding (private) in Nanotechnology came from Electronics giants, in search for making faster computers. The other fields that worked with nano electronics hand in hand were nano-photonics and nano-instrumentation. Also the marketing and making of nano gadgets started from the computers and mobiles which are the only machines made at nano scale that were available economically in the market at a very early stage. So it is of no doubt that the only area where nanotechnology penetrated deeply is electronics where it had lead to cost advantage and performance attributes especially in transistors and today we have 1 billion transistors in the latest processor. The backbone of nanotechnology in electronics are the results that we have taken from nano physics that is quantum physics and solid state physics because then we talk of things at nano scale these are the two stream of physics that helps us in predicting things. Eventually when we talk of electronics it is all about electrons and how we use them in various gadgets to get the required result. So it is very important to know electrons and how it behaves at nano scale in electronics.






Wireless Sensor Network: Intricate Modeling and Analysis of CNT and MEMS based Sensor Nodes

Abstract- We have analyzed the effect of innovations in Nanotechnology on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and have modeled Carbon Nanotube (CNT) and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) based sensor nodes. SUGAR library in MATLAB has been used to illustrate the static analysis of deflection, display the structure and to compute the displacement parameters of a cantilever beam subjected to an external force. A WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) model has been programmed using Simulink in MATLAB. We have shown the integration of CNT in WSN as CNT based sensors, microprocessors, batteries etc. A proposition is put forward by us on the changes needed in the existing sensor node structure to improve its efficiency and to facilitate and enhance the assimilation of CNT based devices in a WSN. We have shown the functioning of CNT based Nano devices in WSN technology. Finally we have commented on the challenges that exist in this technology and described the important factors that need to be kept under consideration for the calculation of the reliability of CNT based devices and their key effects on the WSN environment. Keywords-Wireless Sensor Networks, Nanotechnology, CNT sensors, MEMS sensor, Sensor Nodes, Reliability, Simulink Modeling, MATLAB SUGAR.




Multi Scale Modeling and Intricate study of Nano Elements in RFID systems

Abstract- In this paper we have introduced some of the complex modeling aspects such as Multi Scale modeling, MATLAB, Sugar based modeling and have shown the complexities involved in the device modeling of Nano RFID systems taking example of MEMS models. We have shown the modeling and simulation and demonstrated some novel ideas and library development for Nano RFID and its extension for MEMS devices. Reliability and packaging still remains one the major hindrances in practical implementation of Nano RFID based devices. And to work on them modeling and simulation will play a very important role. CNTs is the future low power material that will replace CMOS and its integration with CMOS, MEMS circuitry will play an important role in realizing the true power in Nano RFID systems. RFID based on innovations in nanotechnology has been shown. MEMS modeling of Antenna, sensors, and its integration in the circuitry has been shown. Thus incorporating this we can design a Nano-RFID which can be used in areas like human implantation and complex banking applications. We have proposed modeling of RFID using the concept of multi scale modeling to accurately predict its properties. Also we give the modeling of MEMS devices that are proposed recently that can see possible application in RFID. We have also covered the applications and the advantages of Nano RFID in various areas. RF MEMS has been matured and its devices are being successfully commercialized but taking it to limits of nano domains and integration with singly chip RFID needs a novel approach which is being proposed. We have modeled 3 MEMS based transponder and shown the distribution for multiscale modeling for Nano RFID.





Optimizing reliability analysis of MEMS devices on an HPC Setup using Multi scale modeling

ABSTRACT Powerful Computational have brought new techniques to calculate reliability by multi scale modeling supported by experimental and theoretical methods. These approaches play a crucial role in Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology where the analysis is based on abstraction level theories and no comprehensive explanation of nano scale phenomenon are proposed. The Reliability modeling contains methods to calculate reliability function, failure rate function, Mean time to failure (MTTF) and Mean Residual time (MRT) are proposed for MEMS technology. It is observed that High Performance Computing (HPC) if used with multi scale optimization library then the reliability calculation and help to accelerate research in reliability of MEMS. In this developed library we can select the various physics at different level and then calculated reliability for better accuracy. In the proposed work, Modeling and Computation is performed using MATLAB distributed computing toolbox and Sugar MEMS simulation library. It is an extension to SUGAR package for MEMS. It allows the user to perform simulation of a MEMS device in different environments as well as used to compute some aspects of system reliability such as Survival function and failure rate as well as multi scale modeling.







High Performance Computing using CUDA for Reliability Analysis of MEMS Devices

Abstract. Computational approaches have brought powerful new techniques to calculate reliability supported by experimental and theoretical methods. These approaches play a crucial role in Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology as well. The Reliability modeling codes to calculate reliability function, failure rate function, Mean time to failure (MTTF) and Mean Residual time (MRT) are proposed for MEMS technology. It is observed that High Performance Computing (HPC) can be used to optimize reliability calculation and help to accelerate research in reliability of MEMS.In our previous work we had done reliability analysis on MATLAB's Distributive computing toolbox and Microsoft Compute Cluster Server (MCCS) 2008. In the proposed work, Modeling and Computation is performed using CUDA. Reliability analysis of MEMS devices can be accelerated using CUDA's parallel programming model. The three key abstractions of CUDA i.e. hierarchy of thread groups, shared memories, and barrier synchronization are exposed as a set of extensions to C language, which provides fine-grained data parallelism and thread parallelism, nested within coarse-grained data parallelism and task parallelism. The key is division of the computations of Reliability analysis into crude sub-problems that can be solved parallelly in isolation independently, and then into finer pieces that can be executed in parallel with mutual cooperation among them. Allowing threads to solve each sub-problem cooperatively, this division of problem preserves expressivity of language. Each sub-problem is thus scheduled to be solved on any of the available processor cores allowing transparent scalability. Thus computations of Reliability analysis can be performed by using a compiled CUDA program that can execute on any number of GPU cores. During the programming we need not know the exact configuration and thus only the runtime system needs to know the physical processor count.



Application of Multi-Scale Modeling of Nano Devices using CUDA Abstract-The essence of High performance computing (HPC) in the field of computation Nanotechnology and problems encountered by HPC arrangement in applying HPC to Nano-enabled calculations have been presented in the paper. A proposal to optimize computations in an HPC setup has been formulated to make Nanotechnology computations more effective and realistic on a CUDA based framework. Results and findings in the expected setup and the computation complexities that will be needed in its implementation have been suggested with an algorithm to take advantage of inbuilt powerful parallelization capabilities of GPU making large scale simulation possible. Implementation of CUDA in certain complex techniques in Nanotechnology is presented with a significant improvement in performance as compared to the last work which was implemented using distributive computing toolbox in MATLAB. We have discussed about the problems that exist and how we can optimize the computations in a HPC setup and how we can make use of computational power of GPU to make Nanotechnology computations more effective and realistic. A description of the progress in this area of research, future works and an extended approach in the same field is shown.




Multi Scale Modeling of Nano Enable Solar cell With Implementation on an HPC Setup

Abstract- Multi Scale modeling of Nano solar cells is proposed and implemented in this paper. In the realm of current theories many phenomenon of Nano scale remains inexplicable and there is a need of high computation power to work on areas such as multi scale modeling. We have shown the distribution of computation in multi scale modeling being implemented on an HPC Setup for nano enable solar cells. We have found that the research in nano polymer, nano fabrication can be used in our multi scale model to accurately predict behavior of Nano enable solar cells. We concluded that since one abstraction layer cannot truly depict the phenomenon so we need to use the models at various abstraction levels and synchronize the result with the experimental data. The computation was performed on (Microsoft Compute Cluster Server) MCCS platform which is shown and the configuration of nano solar computations are shown. Using this setup, research on nano solar cells will accelerate thereby making their applications realist in true times.




Reliability Modeling and Optimization of MEMS Elements in Various devices using Multi scale Concepts





Modeling and Analysis of DC Traction System under Light of Current Developments in HPC and Virtual Reality

Abstract- We have developed a library for simulation of DC traction system. The modeling, installation and reliability aspects of Traction system in purview of current developments in HPC and Virtual reality are being implemented. We have proposed a model to predict and analyze traction system more comprehensively and put a mathematical structure regarding the same. Distribution of various computations is shown in an HPC setup and has been implemented. The advantages of Virtual reality in installation in city and intercity, driving has been implemented on C#. Installation of VR framework for installation of DC traction thus has been implemented in the current technologies of HPC and VR.


Abstracts of my old papers:-

Emerging trends of Nanomanufacturing by CVD method and Electrical properties of CNT
Abstract:
This paper focuses on the emerging trends on manufacturing of CNT and electronics of CNT based devices especially CNT-MEMS devices. We have worked to suggest some innovative ways of fabrication of CNT and CNT based devices for Indian specific needs and their integration with MEMS devices in Indian specific scenario. We have described both CVD (chemical vapour deposition) and PECVD (plasma-enhanced CVD) and tried to suggest some solutions for the existing problems and have made an algorithm for building simulation software for CNT fabrication. These two techniques are the main used for CNT and have proved to be the most reliable and economical. We have also taken in account the Indian prospective in CNT manufacturing. The metal catalysts and the substrate used are discussed and methods for selective growth of CNTs are also discussed with the characterization techniques used. We have calculated and described the electrical properties and physics of CNT which is important in their application in electronics. We have described in detail about the alignment depending upon the alignment of the carbon atoms in the cylindrical form, SWNTs can be either act as metals or semiconductors and yet retain the same basic nanotube structural. We have also shown mathematically that CNT can be metallic and semi conductive depending on the combination of diameter and pitch or, more specifically, chiral vector of CNT expressed by two kinds of non-negative integers (a, b).We have also worked on the applications for Indian needs and tried to build an algorithm for designing and investigating of some parameters of CNT in our software "Nanowave". Our focus has also been to work out the problems in technical as well economical that exists in CNT manufacturing and how Indian companies and research lab can tackle them. We have built a software to simulate and calculate reliability of CNT and also developed one to simulate packaging issues regarding CNT and MEMS device. We have tried to build an innovative algorithm for complex CNT calculations regarding properties as well as characterization of CNT. Our software uses Opengl libraries and some VB programming. We have made a MEMS simulation software with 3D viewing. We have build an algorithm to calculate and generate the geometry of CNT.

Abstract
"CHARACTERIZATION METHODS FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY WITH EMPHASIS ON NANOCOMPOSITES AND NANOWIRES"
Materials characterization at increasingly small dimensions is a critical part of many manufacturing industries, including semiconductors, optoelectronics, automotive and aerospace. As we know that all of these industries are increasingly using small scales and more tightly controlled processes as part of the traditional evolution of manufacturing towards smaller, lighter, faster or stronger characteristics, depending on the application.
On top of the evolutionary aspect of dimensional shrinkage is the use of 'new' materials or 'new' processes that may carry their own novel properties or design issues not previously encountered. The paper shows how growth in the Micro- and Nano-engineering industry has led to increased demand for analytical and characterization methods for these materials and systems. We have studied and shown that Nano-products which have high surface area-to-volume ratios are more sensitive to impurities and micro contamination during processing than larger geometry products, resulting in defects and yield loss in production and the importance of choosing the correct characterization technique. The paper depicts the drawbacks of the present well established techniques and the problems that exists with them in nano characterization and discuses the solution of the problems involved in picking and establishing the nanostructures with emphasis on nanocomposites. The paper also discuses about the advantages and drawbacks of different surface analytical methods used in nano characterization. The paper also demonstrates contributions that surface analytical methods can make towards problem solving during the manufacture and reliability characterization of new materials like nanocomposities. These techniques include: SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope), XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) and XRD (X-ray Diffraction). Examples of these techniques as characterization tools in the Nano-dimension are shown, with a discussion of their relative strengths and weaknesses. The focus in this paper is on the different types of scanning probe microscope, their mechanism and their applications in nanotechnology and detailed comparison with the mathematical data involved. Special focus has been laid on the characterization of Carbon Nanotubes, Nanowires and Nano composites with different type of techniques and their advantages and disadvantages discusses in details.

"ADVANCES AND KEY ISSUES IN MEMS PACKAGING AND DESIGN"
Abstract
Packaging is the process, industry, and methods of "packing" MEMS [1] (micro electro mechanical systems) components and systems inside a protective housing. Combining engineering and manufacturing technologies [3], it converts a micro machined structure or system into a useful assembly that can safely and reliably interact with its surroundings. The definition is broad because each application is unique in its packaging requirements. We have tried to learn the matured techniques from the VLSI industry and suggested some solutions for MEMS packaging. In the integrated circuit industry, electronic packaging must provide reliable dense interconnections to the multitude of high-frequency electrical signals, as well as extract excessive heat from the chips. We have concluded that and reported that MEMS packaging must account for a far more complex and diverse set of parameters. It must first protect the micro machined parts in broad-ranging environments; it must also provide interconnects to electrical signals and, in most cases, access to and interaction with the external environment. Our work was to take in account all the complexities involved and compare the different solutions available. We have also tried to build a software for MEMS packaging [4] (Nanowave: -A software made in C++ using OpenGL library to simulate the Micro mirror and do simple calculations) and have uploaded it on our website [6] (http://www.freewebs.com/memsindia). Designing packages for micro machined sensors and actuators involves taking into account a number of important factors. Some are shared with the packaging of electronic integrated circuits, but many are specific to the application. These factors also bear significance on the design of the micro machined components themselves. As a result, the design of the package and of the micro machined structures must commence and evolve together; it would be naïve to believe they can be separated. We have tried to report the critical factors and considerations frequently encountered in MEMS packaging at the same time we have used the data to build an open source software in Opengl and worked on Coventor [1]. Packaging is a necessary though it has its demerits. We have taken in account the demerit that exists in MEMS packaging and tried to suggest techniques to minimize them. Its relatively large dimensions tend to dilute the small-size advantage of MEMS. It is also expensive: the cost of packaging tends to be significantly larger than the cost of the actual micro machined components. It is not unusual that the packaging content is responsible for 75% to 95% of the overall cost of a micro electro mechanical component or system. These factors, prevalent in the early days of electronic integrated circuits, contributed towards large-scale integration in that industry in order to minimize the impact of packaging on overall cost, size, and performance. High-density packaging methods, such as surface mount technologies (SMT), are today at the core of advancements in electronic packaging. Thus we have also shown that the evolution of MEMS packaging is slow and centers largely on borrowing from the integrated circuit and other industries in an effort to benefit from the existing vast body of knowledge. Our study also reports the details on the packaging Micro Mirror [8] which are successfully commercialized into the market. We have tried to borrow many concepts from the time-tested VLSI industry and reported them. We have tried to simulate many issues MEMS on sugar (MATLAB) [4] and included our results in the paper thereby reporting the theoretical and mathematical data. We have also compared the techniques used in VLSI [7] industry and reported it in our paper.




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