Philosophical Chronology of the 19th Century
(Historical Notes)

Compiled by

Daniel Fidel Ferrer
Central Michigan University Libraries

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) in early essay on history starts with the following remarks:

"Incidentally, I despise everything which merely instructs me without increasing or immediately enlivening my activity." These are Goethe's words. With them, as with a heartfelt expression of Ceterum censeo [I judge otherwise], our consideration of the worth and the worthlessness of history may begin. For this work is to set down why, in the spirit of Goethe's saying, we must seriously despise instruction without vitality, knowledge which enervates activity, and history as an expensive surplus of knowledge and a luxury, because we lack what is still most essential to us and because what is superfluous is hostile to what is essential. To be sure, we need history. But we need it in a manner different from the way in which the spoilt idler in the garden of knowledge uses it, no matter how elegantly he may look down on our coarse and graceless needs and distresses. That is, we need it for life and action, not for a comfortable turning away from life and action or merely for glossing over the egotistical life and the cowardly bad act. We wish to use history only insofar as it serves living. But there is a degree of doing history and a valuing of it through which life atrophies and degenerates. To bring this phenomenon to light as a remarkable symptom of our time is every bit as necessary as it may be painful.
(On the Use and Abuse of History for Life, 1873).

http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/Nietzsche/history.htm

Perhaps our own pain will begin with this step backward into our historical roots.

1724
April 22: Immanuel Kant is born (1804).

1727-1786
I. Kant friend: Green, Joseph.

1728-1777
I. Kant friend: Lambert, Johann Heinrich.

1729-1786
I. Kant friend: Mendelssohn, Moses.

1730-1788
I. Kant friend: Hamann, Johann Georg.

1739-1805
I. Kant friend: Schultz, Johann.

1743
Thomas Jefferson is born (1826).

1744
Jean-Baptiste de Monet Lamarch is born (1829).
I. Kant friend: Herder, Johann Gottfried is born (1803).

1747-1803
I. Kant friend: Herz, Markus.

1748
Jeremy Bentham is born (1832).

1749
Pierre Simon de Laplace is born (1827).
Goethe is born (1832).
I. Kant-first book, Thoughts on the True Estimation of the Living Forces.

1751
Richard Brinsley Sheridan is born (1816).

1752
Thomas Chatterton is born (1800).
Fanny Burney is born (1840).

1753
George Ellis is born (1815).
Elizabeth Inchbald is born (1821).

1754
William Drennan is born (1820).
George Crabbe is born (1832).
I. Kant-Wolff dies.

1755
I. Kant-On Fire [Doctoral Dissertation], age 31.
Kant-A New Explanation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Knowledge [Habilitation], age 31.
Kant-On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and the Intelligible World [Inaugural Dissertation], age 46.

1756
William Godwin is born (1836).

1757
Harriet Lee is born (1851).

1758
Mary Robinson is born (1800).
Elizabeth Hamilton (1816).
I. Kant friend: Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (1823).
I. Kant-Jan. 22: occupation of Konigsberg by the Russian.

1759
Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller is born (1805).
Robert Burns is born (1796).
Mary Godwin (nee Wollstonecraft) is born (1797).

1760-1825
Saint-Simon, Comte de (Claude-Henri de Rouvroy) is born.

1761-1840
I. Kant friend : Beck, Jacob Sigismund

1762
Johann Gottlieb Fichte is born (1814).
William Lisle Bowles is born (1850).
Joanna Baillie is born (1851).

1763
William Cobbett [Peter Porcupine] (1835).
I. Kant-The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God.

1764
I. Kant-Lambert, New Organon.

1766
Thomas Robert Malthus is born (1834).
Robert Bloomfield (1823).

1767
Maria Edgeworth is born (1849).
I. Kant friend: Jachmann, Reinhold Bernhard (1843).

1768
Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleirmacher is born (1834).

1769
John Hooham Frere is born (1846).
Amelia Opie is born (1846).

1770
German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel is born in Stuttgart (1834).
George Canning is born (1827).
James Hogg is born (1835).
William Wordsworth is born (1850).
I. Kant-"Silent years"; origin of the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft). (1781)

1771
Walter Scott is born (1832).
Robert Owen is born (1858).
Kant-June 14: Failure to obtain permission to print "Concerning the Battle of the
Good against the Evil Principle for Dominion over the Human Being" in Berlinische
Monatsschrift.
Kant-Schultze, Aenesidemus.
Kant-September: "On the Old Saw 'That May Be Right in Theory, but It Won't
Work in Practice'".
Kant-Beck, An Explanatory Extract from the Critical Writings of Kant.
Kant-Schiller, On Beauty and Dignity.
Kant-Louis XVI guillotined.

1772
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1834).
Pierce Egan (1849).

1773
James Mill is born (1836).
Lamarck, French Flora is born.
Mary Frampson is born (1846).
Hegel-April: his sister, Christiane, is born (dies1832). Hegel goes to the deutsche Schule.

1774
Robert Southey is born (1843).

1775
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von is born (1854).
Thomas Dermody (1802).
Jane Austen is born (1817).
Matthew Gregory Lewis (1818).
Charles Lamb (1834).
Joseph Blanco White (1841).
Walter Savage Landor is born (1864).

1776
Declaration of Independence.
Jane Porter is born (1850).
I. Kant-Hume dies.
Hegel-Probable entrance into Untergymnasium.
Hegel: birth of brother Georg Ludwig (dies 1812).

1777
Thomas Campbell is born (1844).

1778
William Hazlitt is born (1830).

1779
John Galt is born (1839).
Thomas Moore is born (1852).

1780
Anna Maria Porter is born (1832).
James Morier is born (1849)
Sydney Owenson [Lady Morgan] is born (1859)
Frances Trollope is born (1863)
Hegel takes the Landexamen for the first time.

1781
Bernard Bolzano is born (1848).
Ebenezer Elliott is born (1849).
Lucy Aikin is born (1864).
Robert Eyres Landor is born (1869).
I. Kant, May: Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft).

1782
Charles Robert Maturin is born (1824).
Charles Maclaren is born (1866).
Ann Taylor is born (1866).

1783
I. Kant, Prolegomena (Prolegomena zu einer jeden kunftigen Metaphysik, die als
Wissenschaft wird auftreten konnen).
September 20: Hegel's mother dies of "Gallenfieber"; Hegel also is seriously ill with
it.

1784
James Henry Leigh Hunt is born (1859).
Beginning in the autumn, Hegel is a student at the Obergymnasium.

1785
Caroline Lamb is born (1828).
Thomas De Quincey is born (1859).
Thomas Love Peacock is born (1866).
I. Kant-Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, age 61.
I. Kant, March: "Concerning the Volcanoes on the Moon" (Uber die Vulkane im
Monde) in Berlinische Monatsschrift.

1786
I. Kant-Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, age62.
I. Kant-Reinhold's "Letters on the Kantian Philosophy" in Der teutsche Merkur.
Hegel-Centennial celebration of the Stuttgarter Gymnasium.

1787
I. Kant-Second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason.

1788
Arthur Schopenhauer is born (1860).
George Gordon Byron is born (1824).
Richard Harris Barham is born (1845).
Robert Peel is born (1950).
I. Kant-Critique of Practical Reason, age64.
I. Kant-Beginning of the year: Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen
Vernunft).
September: Hegel leaves the Gymnasium; he gives the Abiturrede.
October: reception in the Stift at the same time as Holderlin.
Hegel begins his study with philosophical faculty.

1789
I. Kant-Beginning of the French Revolution.

1790
John Austin is born (1859).
William Moore is born (1851).
I. Kant-Critique of Judgment, age 66.
I. Kant-Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urteilskraft).
G. W. F. Hegel-He shares a room in the Stift with Holderlin and Schelling.
Hegel-September: Magister-Exam.
Hegel-Registration in the theological faculty.

1791
Charles Wolfe is born (1823).
Charles Babbage is born (1871).
Kant-September "On the Failure of All Attempts at a Theodicee" (uber das Mialingen aller philosophischen Versuche in der Theodizee) in Berlinishche Monatsschrift.
Summer semester: Kant serves as dean.

1792-1871
Comparative View of the Various Institutions for the Assurance of Lives.
In Versuch einer Kritik aller Offenbarung (Critique of all Revelation).
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky is born (1856).
Percy Bushel Shelley is born (1822)
Frederick Marry at is born (1848).
I. Kant-Fichte, Critique of All Revelation (at first assumed to be Kant's work).
I. Kant-France becomes a republic.
I. Kant-Easter: Religion within the Boundary of Mere Reason (Religion inner alb der Grenzen der bloben Vernunft).
Kant-March 5: New and stricter edict concerning obedience to religious customs.
Kant-April: "Concerning Radical Evil" (Vom radikalen Bosen) in Berlinische Monatsschrift.
Kant-June 14: Failure to obtain permission to print "Concerning the Battle of the Good against the Evil Principle for Dominion over the Human Being" in Berlinische Monatsschrift.
Kant-Schulze, Aenesidemus.
Kant-September: "On the Old Saw 'That May Be Right in Theory, but It Won't
Work in Practice'".
Kant-Beck, An Explanatory Extract from the Critical Writings of Kant.
Kant-Schiller, On Beauty and Dignity.
Kant-Louis XVI guillotined.

1793
On Grace and Dignity.
Felicia Dorothea Hemans is born (1835).
John Clare is born (1864).
I. Kant-Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, age 69.
Hegel-June: theological disputation.
Starting in July, Hegel is on leave from the Seminary and stays in Stuttgart.
Hegel-September 19-20: Konsistorialexam.
Hegel-October: begins his activity as house tutor with K.F. von Steiger.

1794-95
Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre (Foundations of the Science of Knowledge.
William Whewell is born (1866).
John Gibson Lockhart is born (1854).
William Thomas Moncrieff is born (1857).
Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville is born (1865).
William Carleton is born (1869).
Mary Elliott is born (1870).
I. Kant-Fichte, Grounding of the Entire Doctrine of Science (Wissenschaftslehre).
Kant-Second edition of Religion within the Boundary of Mere Reason.
Kant-Spring and summer: Decisive actions against the "neologists" taken by the king.
Kant-May: "Something on the Influence of the Moon on the Climate" (Etwas vom Einflub des Mondes auf die Witterung) in Berlinische Monatsschrift.
Kant-June: "The End of All Things" (Das Ende aller Dinge) in Berlinische Monattschrift.
Kant-July: Membership in the Petersburg Academy.
October 1: the king censors Kant.
October 12: Kant's response to the king.
Kant-Maimon, Attempt at a New Logic.
Kant-New General Law of the Country (Allgemeines Landrecht) promulgated in
Prussia.
Kant-Robespierre guillotined.
Winter semester: Kant's turn to be dean for the seventh time (Kraus stands in for
him).

1795
Education of Man.
John Keats is born (1821).
George Darley is born (1846).
Thomas Carlyle is born (1881).
I. Kant-Perpetual Peace, age 71.
I. Kant-Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man and On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry.
I. Kant-Schelling, On the Ego as the Principle of Philosophy.
Kant-On Eternal Peace (Zum ewigen Frieden).
Kant-Correspondence with Schiller.
Hegel-trip to Geneva.

1796
Thomas Chandler Haliburton (1865).
I. Kant-Fichte, Foundations of Natural Law.
Hegel-July: hike through the Bernese Alps.
Hegel-End of the year: return from Berne to Stuttgart.
Kant-Second edition of On Eternal Peace.
Kant-Appendix to Sommerring's On the Organ of the Soul (Uber das Organ der Seele).
Kant-May: "On a Newly Raised Noble Tone in Philosophy" (Von einem neuerdings erhobenen vornehmen Ton in der Philosophie) in Berlinische Monatsschrift.
July 23: Kant's last lecture.
Kant-October: "Solution of a Mathematical Dispute Based on a Misunderstanding" (Ausgleichung eines auf Miaverstand beruhenden mathematischen Streits) in Berlinsche Monatsschrift.
Kant-December: "Announcement of the Soon to Be Completed Tract on Eternal Peace in Philosophy" (Verkundigung des nahen Abschlusses eines Traktats zum).
Kant-Beck, The Only Possible Point of View.

1797
Sojourner Truth is born (1883).
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1851).
Samuel Lover is born (1868).
Richard Cobbold is born (1877).
I. Kant-The Metaphysics of Morals, age 73.
I. Kant-Schelling, Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature.
Kant-Metaphysical Foundations of the Doctrine of Right (Metaphysische Anfangsgrunde der Rechtslehre).
Kant-June 14: Konigsberg students honor Kant's fiftieth anniversary as an author.
Kant-Metaphysical Foundations of the Doctrine of Virtue (Metaphysische Anfangsgrunde der Tugendlehre).
Kant-"On a Presumed Right to Lie from Philanthropic Motives" (Uber ein vermeintes Recht, aus Menschenliebe zu lugen) in Berliner Blatter.
Kant-November 10: Death of Frederick William II; Frederick William III becomes king.
Hegel-January: begins the Hofmeister position that Holderlin found for him with the wine merchant Gogel.

1798-1857
Auguste Comte is born (1857).
Essay on the Principle of Population.
Kant-The Dispute of the Faculities (Der Streit der Fakultaten).
Kant-Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View (Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht).
Kant-"On Turning Out Books" (Uber die buchmacherei, zwei Briefe an F. Nicolai).
Kant-Declaration against Schlettwein.
Kant's turn to be dean for the eighth time (Mangelsdorf stands in for him).
Kant- Schelling, Of the Worldsoul.

1799
Uber die Religion. Reden an Gebildeten unter ihren Verachtern (On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers).
P. Laplace, On Celestial Mechanics.
Thomas Hood is born (1845).
John Moultrie is born (1874).
January: death of Hegel's father in Stuttgart.
March: Hegel makes the trip back to Stuttgart.
Kant-August: Open declaration against Fichte.
Kant-Fichte, Appeal to the Public.
Kant-Herder, Metacritique.
Napoleon named First Consul of France.

1800
Act of Union.
Act of Marengo.
F.W. Schelling, System of Transcendental Idealism. Novalis (pseud.), To the Night.
Library of Congress is established, with some 900 books. Romantic poet Friedrich.
Leopold von Hardenberg, called Novalis (1772-1801): Hymnen und Die Nacht.
Die Bestimmung des Menschen (The Vocation of Man).
Der geschlossene Handelsstaat (The Closed Commercial State).
Maria Jane Jewsbury is born (1833).
Thomas Babington Macaulay is born (1859).
Robert Bell is born (1867).
Charles Jeremiah Wells is born (1879).
Anna Maria Hall is born (1881).
Edward Bouverie Pusey is born (1882).
Henry Taylor is born (1886).
I. Kant-September: Kant's Logic, edited by Jasche.
Kant-Last publication by Kant himself.
Kant-Schelling, System of Transcendental Idealism.
Kant- Herder, Kalligone.
September: Hegel makes a trip to Mainz, which since 1798 has belonged to the French Republic.

1801
Schiller: The Maid of Orleans.
4th Thomas Jefferson inaugurated as President of U.S. in new capital of Washington.
Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the first asteroid, Ceres (Jan. 1st).
G.W.F. Hegel and F.W.J. Schelling found Critical Journal of Philosophy.
J. Hayden, The Seasons.
F. Schiller, The Maid of Orleans.
First accurate censuses taken in 1800 and 1801 provide population statistics for Italy. U.S., 5.3 million; London, 864,000; Paris, 547,756; Vienna, 231,050; Berlin, 183,294, and New York, 60, 515.
Edward Moxon is born (1858).
Caroline Clive is born (1873).
William Barnes is born (1886).
John Henry Newman is born (1890).
L. Michelet is born (1893).
G. W. F. Hegel-January: Hegel moves to Jena.
Hegel-September: first philosophical book published, The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy.
Hegel-August 27: habilitation submitted in Latin on the orbits of the planets; Hegel becomes a Privatdozent without Besoldung (remuneration).
January: Hegel moves to Jena.
Kant-November 14: Last official pronouncement.
Union of Great Britain and Ireland.

1802
Davy Invents the Arc Lamp.
F. Schelling, Bruno.
Winthrop Mackworth Praed is born (1839).
Favell Lee Mortimer is born (1878).
A. Ruge is born (1872).
Hegel-Together with Schelling he edits the Critical Journal of Philosophy.
Kant-Physical Geography (Physische Geographie), edited by Rink.
Kant-Hegel, The Relation of Skepticism to Philosophy, Faith and Knowledge.
Kant-Schelling, Giordano Bruno.

1803
February 25: Diet of Ratisbon reconstructs Germany. May 18: Britain declares war on France.
Apr: 30th, U.S. purchases Louisiana Territory and New Orleans from the French.
Robert Fulton propels a boat by steam power.
J.L. Tieck's translation of Minnelieder leads to the study of old Germanic literature.
F. Schiller, Die Braut von Messina.
Dec. 18th Johann Gottfried von Herder dies (59).
Letters from an Inhabitant of Geneva.
Ralph Waldo Emerson is born (1882).
Thomas Lovett Beddoes is born (1849).
James Clarence Mangan is born (1849).
Douglas William Jerrold is born (1857).
Robert Smith Surtees is born (1864).
Edward George Bulwer-Lytton is born (1873).
Robert Stephen Hawker is born (1875).
George Borrow is born (1881).
Richard Hengist Horne is born (1884).
Kant-On Pedagogy (Uber Padagogik), edited my Rink.
April: Kant's last letter.
Kant-October: Last illness.
Kant-Herder dies.

1804
December 2: Napoleon crowns himself emperor. December 12: Spain declares war on Great Britain.
Coronation of Napoleon as Emperor.
F. Hoelderlin's translations of the tragedies of Sophocles into German.
Jean Paul (pseud.), Flegeljahre (05).
F. Schiller, Wilhelm Tell.
Feb. 12th Immanuel Kant dies (80).
Ludwig Andreas Feurbach is born (1872).
Samuel Laman Blanchard is born (1845).
Benjamine Disraeli is born (1881).
William Gilbert is born (1889).
Ludwig Feuerbach is born (1872).
R.E. Egerton Warburton is born (1891).
I. Kant-February 12: 11:00 A.M. Kant dies.
February 28: Kant is buried.
Kant-April 23: Memorial service at the university.
I. Kant-May: Prize essay, On the Progress of Metaphysics since Leibniz and Wolff
(Uber die Fortschritte der Metaphysik seit Leibniz und Wolff), edited by Rink
(written in 1790).
I. Kant-Napoleon becomes emperor.
I. Kant-Schelling, "In Memoriam: Kant."
I. Kant-Code civil in enacted.
Schelling-Philosophie und Religion.

1805
Battle of Trafalgar.
Battle of Austerlitz.
Dec. 2nd, Napoleon defeats combined Russo-Austrian forces at Austerlitz.
H.T. Colebrooke, Essay on the Vedas and Sanskrit Grammar.
Hosea Ballou, A treatise on Atonement.
July 29th Charles Alexis de Tocqueville is born (1859).
Thomas Wade is born (1875).
William Harrrison Ainsworth is born (1882).
K. Rosenkranz is born (1879).
Hegel-Named to auferordentliche Professor, without remuneration.

1806-73
Britain declares blockade of French coasts.
Prussian Reform After Defeat at Jena.
Battle of Jena-Auerstadt (October 14).
27th, Napoleon occupies Berlin.
Nov: 21st, by the Berlin Decrees, Napoleon begins the 'Continental System', closing continental ports to British vessels and
and declaring all British ports to be in a stat of blockade.
J.F. Herbert, German Education.
J.G. Fichte, Bericht uber die Wissenshaftslehre.
Goethe, Faust I.
May 20th John Stuart Mill is born (1873).
Augustus De Morgan is born (1871).
John Sterling is born (1844).
Emmeline Stuart-Wortley is born (1855).
Elizabeth Barrett Browning is born (1861).
Charles James Lever is born (1872).
M. Stirner is born (1856).
Hegel-October: completion of the Phenomenology of Spirit.

1807
Slave trade is abolished in British empire.
Napoleon introduces Commercial Law Code in France.
Rolbert Fulton's steamboat Clermont, built by Boulton and Watt, plies on Hudson River.
G.W.F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit.
Lord Byron, Hours of Idleness.
William Wordsworth, Ode on Intimations of Immortality.
Phnomenologie des Geistes (Phenomenology of Mind).
Harriet Hardy Taylor is born (1858).
Samuel Warren is born (1877).
Frederick Tennyson is born (1898).
Hegel-February: birth of his illegitimate son, Ludwig Fischer (dies 1831 in Jakarta).
Hegel-March: moves to Bamberg; editor and Redakteur of the Bamberger Zeitung. Hegel-April: publication of the Phenomenology of Spirit.

1808-1832
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Faust.
Dos de Mayo Insurrection in Spain.
Beethoven's Fifth Symphony is performed for the first time.
Dec: 13th , Madrid capitulates to Napoleon.
J.G. Fichte, Address to the German Nation.
K.F. Eichhorn, History of German Law (23).
F. Schegel, Language and Wisdom of the Indians.
J.F. Fries, New Critique of Reason.
Alexander Humboldt, Opinions of Nature.
L. van Beethoven, 5th Symphony (op. 67) and 6th, 'Pastoral' Symphony (op. 68).
J.W. Goethe, Faust, pt. 1.
Reden an die deutsche Nation (Speeches to the German Nation).
Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton is born (1877).
Caroline Norton is born (1877).
Charles Tennyson Turner is born (1879).
Henry Cole is born (1882).
Pauline Craven is born (1891).
D. F. Strauss is born (1874).
Hegel-November: rector of the Gymnasium in Nuremberg until 1815: he gives the official year-end speeches.

1809
Goethe: The Elective Affinities.
4th, James Madison becomes the fourth President of U.S.
David Ricardo, The High Price of Bullion or Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes.
J.W. Goethe, The Elective Affinities.
August Schegel, Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature.
Jan. 19th Edgar Allan Poe is born (1849).
Feb. 12th Charles Darwin is born (1882 and Abraham Lincoln is born (1865).
May 31st Joseph Haydn dies (77).
Aug. 6th Alfred Lord Tennyson is born (1892).
Charles Darwin is born (1882).
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is born (1865).
Lamarck, Zoology.
John Hammer is born (1881).
Charles Robert Darwin is born (1882).
Mark Lemon is born (1870).
Edward FitzGerald is born (1882).
Fanny Kemble is born(1893).
Alfred Tennyson is born (1892).
William Ewart Gladstone is born (1898).
B. Bauer is born (1882).
Schelling-Philosophische Untersuchungen uber das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit.
Napoleon captures Vienna.

1810
Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811), Der Prinz von Homburg.
K.W. von Humboldt as Prussian minister of education reforms the gymnasia and institutes pre-university matriculation.
Berlin University founded with J.G. Fichte as rector.
J.W. Goethe, Theory of Colours.
G.F. Creuser, Symbolism of the Ancients (12).
Darstellung der Wissenschaftslehre. (Outlines of the Doctrine Knowledge).
Margaret Fuller is born (1850).
Egerton Webbe is born (1840).
Elizabeth Gaskell is born (1865).
Henry Alford is born (1871).
William Miller is born (1872).
John Muir is born (1882).

1811
Nov: 5th, James Madison recommends Congress to prepare U.S. for hostilities against Britain, in view of the British Orders-in-Council on trade and violation of the 30-mile limit.
Luddites' destroy machinery in Nottingham and Yorkshire towns (Mar.).
Berthold Niebuhr, Roman History.
J.W. Goethe, My Life, Poetry and Truth.
Population of Great Britain 12.5 million an increase of 2.1 million in a decade. London's population exceeds 1 million.
Oct. 22nd Franz Liszt is born (1886).
William Makepeace Thackeray is born (1863).
Henry Ellison is born (1880).
William Bell Scott is born (1890).
John Maddison Morton is born (1891).
Hegel-September: marries Marie von Tucher.
Luddite riots in the North and the Midlands. Laborers attack factories and break up the machines which they fear will replace them (1812).

1812-1813
Brothers Jakob (1778-1865) and Wilhelm (1787-1859) Grimm: Fairy Tales.
Napoleon's Invasion of Russia.
Napoleon's ill-fated invasion of Russia begins (June 24).
Nov. In U.S. presidential election James Madison (128 electoral votes) defeats De Witt Clinton (89 votes).
June: 8th, U.S. Congress approves war against Britain (the formal declaration is made 19th).
Aug: 16th, General William surrenders Detroit to British forces, thus postponing U.S. plan to invade Canada.
Pierre Laplace, Theorie Analytique (theory of probability).
G.W. Hegel, Logic.
J.G. Fichte, Transcendental Philosophy.
J. and W. Grimm, Fairy Tales.
Wissenschaft der Logik (Science of Logic).
P. Laplace, Analytic Theory of Probabilities.
Charles Dickens is born (1870).
Georgiana Fullerton is born (1888).
Henry Mayhew is born (1887).
Edward Lear is born (1888).
Robert Browning is born (1889).
Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury is born (1880).
Samuel Smiles is born (1904).
Hegel-First volume of the Science of Logic published.
War of 1812 between England and the United States (1814).

1813
Soren Kierkegaard is born (1855).
Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice. Johann Rudolf Wyss (1781-1830), Swiss writer and philosopher: Swiss Family Robinson 1813 Battle of the Nations.
Battle of Leipzig (October 16-19).
Apr: 27th, U.S. force in search of British ships captures York (now Toronto).
29th, Detroit is re-occupied by U.S.
Robert Owen, A New View of Society.
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice.
Apr. 8th Joseph Lagrange dies (78).
May 5th Soren Kierkegaard is born (1855).
May 22nd Richard Wagner is born (1883).
Hegel-Second volume of Science of Logic published.
Hegel-Named to Lokalschulrat.
Hegel-second volume of Science of Logic published.
Hegel-Birth of son Karl (dies 1901).

1814
Restoration of Ferdinand VII to the Throne of Spain.
Restoration of the French Bourbon Kings.
Organization of the German Confederation.
Stephenson Adapts the Steam Engine for the Railroad.
Dec: 24th, Treaty of Ghent ends the war between Britain and U.S.
Franz Schubert, Gretchen am Spinnrade.
Friedrich Ruckert, Poems.
Jan. 27th Johann Gottlieb Fichte dies (52).
Michael Bakunin is born (1876).
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin is born (1876).
P. Laplace, Philosophical Essay on Probabilities.
Frederick William Faber is born (1880).
Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu is born (1873).
William Henry Kingston is born (1880).
Charles Reade is born (1884).
Aubrey Thomas de Vere is born (1902).
Thomas Osborne Davis is born (1845).
Hegel-birth of son Immanual (dies 1891).

1815
The Vienna Settlement.
Battle of Waterloo.
Second Peace of Paris.
Waterloo (June 18).
Napoleon surrenders to British after abdicating (June 21) and is exiled to St. Helena, where he dies (1821).
Jan 8th, before news of peace of Ghent, the battle of New Orleans is fought and the British are defeated within half an hour.
Jun: 18th, Duke of Wellington and Gebhard von Blucher defeat Napoleon at Waterloo; 22nd, Napoleon abdicates for second time, after being given choice of resignation or deposition by the French Chambers.
Aug: 2nd, by agreement between Prussia, Austria, Britain and Russia, the imprisonment of Napoleon is left to the British decision and he is banished to St. Helena (where he arrives 17th).
T. R. Malthus, An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent.
F.K. von Savigny, History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages.
G. J. Thorkelin's edition of Beowulf.
Apr. 1st Otto von Bismarck is born (1898).
George Boole is born (1864).
Elizabeth Cady Stanton is born (1902).
Anthony Trollope is born (1882).

1816
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Journey to Italy.
Distress in England causes large-scale emigration to Canada and U.S.
Berthold Niebuhr discovers the Institutes of Gaius in Verona.
Jane Austen, Emma.
S.T. Coleridge, Kuba Khan (written 1797).
Apr. 21st Charlotte Bronte is born (1855).
Grace Aguilar is born (1847).
Bronte Sisters [Charlotte (1855)] [Emily (1848)] [Anne (1849)]
Shieley Brooks is born (1874).
Thomas Burbidge is born (1892).
P.J. Bailey is born (1902).
Theodore Martin is born (1909).
Hegel-Third volume of Science of Logic published.
Hegel-University Professor in Heidelberg.
Schopenhauer-Uber das Sehen und die Farben (On the sight and Colors).

1817
David Ricardo (1772-1823): Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel: Encyclopedia of Philosphy.
Ricardo Publishes Principles of Political Economy.
David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation.
G.W.F. Hegel, Encyclopaedia of Philosophy.
Lord Byron, Manfred.
S.T. Coleridge, Sybilline Leaves.
July 18th Jane Austen dies.
Mar: 4th, James Monroe is inaugurated fifth President of U.S.
Apr: 28th, Rush-Bagot Agreement is concluded between Britain and U.S. to limit naval forces on the Great Lakes.
Sep: 23rd, by treaty with Britain, Spain agrees to end slave trade.
Oct: 18th, Wartburg Festival reveals revolutionary tendencies of German students who meet at Jena to celebrate anniversaries of Luther's death and of Battle of Leipzig.
July 12th Heny David Thoreau is born (1862).
Die Encyclopadie der philosopheschen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse (Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences).
Rosa Luxemburg is born (1919).
Hegel-Publication of the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences.
Hegel-Coeditor of the Heidelberger Jahrbucher.
Hegel publishes in the Heidelberger Jahrbucher, "Proceedings of the Estates Assembly in the Kingdom of Wurttemberg 1815-1816".
Rudolf Hermann Lotze is born (1881).

1818
Karl Marx is born (1883).
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (1797-1851), British writer: Frankenstein.
F.W. Bessel's Fundamenta Astronomiae codifies 3,222 stars on the basis of James Bradley's observations.
John Ross's expedition to discover North-West Passage.
Hegel-October 5: moves to Berlin.
G.W. Hegel succeeds J.G. Fichte as professor of philosophy at Berlin.
Hegel-October 22: inaugural lecture.
November 28: Hegel becomes a member of the Gesetzlose Gesellschaft.
John Keats, Endymion.
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Frankenstein.
20th, by convention between U.S. and Britain, the border between Canada and U.S. is defined as the 49th Parallel, and a joint occupation of Oregon is to take place for 10 years.
Dec: 3rd, Illinois becomes U.S. state, with population of approximately 40,000.
May 25th Jacob Burckhardt is born (1897).
Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Representation).
Eliza Cook is born (1889).
James Anthony Froude is born (1894).

1819
Adam Muller (1818-1884): Necessity of a Theological Foundation of All Political. Economics. Arthur Schopenhauer (1778-1860), German philosopher: Die Welt als wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Idea).
Angelo Mai discovers Cicero's De Republica in Vatican Library.
Jakob Grimm's German Grammar establishes the permutation of consonants.
Horace Wilson, Sanskrit Dictionary.
Lord Byron, Mazeppa.
J.W. Goethe, West-ostlicher Divan.
Victor Hugo, Odes.
John Keats, Hyperion (published 1856).
Arthur Schopenhauer, World as Will and Idea.
Sep: 20th, after A. von Kotzebue's murder the Frankfurt Diet, instigated by Prince Metternich, sanctions the Carlsbad Decrees, whereby freedom of press is abolished, universities are placed under State supervision, all political agitation is to be suppressed, and a meeting to investigate rumours of conspiracy is to take place in attempt to check revolutionary and liberal movements in the German Confederation.
May 31st Walt Whitman is born (1892).
Aug. 1st Herman Melville is born (1891).
Nov. 22nd 'George Eliot' (pseud. Of Mary Ann Evans) is born (1880).
Arthur Hugh Clough is born (1861).
Ernest Jones is born (1869).
Charles Kingsley is born (1875).
George Eliot is born (1880).
John Ruskin is born (1900).
June 17: Hegel returns over guardianship of his sister, Christiance, to his cousin, Ludwig Friedrich Goriz.
July 27: Hegel writes to the authorities about Asversus.

1820
Thomas Robert Malthus: Principles of Political Economy.
Spanish Revolution of 1820.
Neapolitan Revolution of 1820.
Portuguese Revolution of 1820.
Mar: 30th, Duc de Richelieu re-establishes censorship of French press.
T.R. Malthus, Principles of Political Economy.
J.J. von Gorres, Germany and the Revolution.
Thomas Brown, Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind.
Thomas Erskine, Internal Evidence for the Truth of Revealed Religion.
Washington Irving, The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent, including Rip Van Winkle.
John Keats, The Eve of St. Agnes and Ode to a Nightingale.
Alexander Pushkin, Ruslan and Ludmila.
Friedrich Engels is born (1895).
Naturrecht und Staatswissenschaft im Grundrisse and Gundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (Philosophy of Right).
Principles of Political Economy.
Herbert Spencer is born (1903).
Ebenezer Jones is born (1860).
Jean Ingelow is born (1897).
Frederick Temple is born (1902).
Herbert Spencer is born (1903).
Hegel-October: publication of Philosophy of Right.
Hegel travels in the fall to Dresden.

1821
Hegel: Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (The Philosophy of Right).
May 5: Napoleon (b. 1769) dies in exile on St. Helena.
Faraday Develops the Electric Motor and Generator.
Mar: 5th, James Monroe begins second term as U.S. President.
J.J. von Gorres, Europe and the Revolution.
James Mill, Elements of Political Economy.
G.W. Hegel, Philosophy of Right.
Thomas de Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium Eater.
J.W. Goethe, Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre.
Heinrich Heine, Poems.
Populations (in millions): France, 30.4; Great Britain, 20.8 (of which Ireland, 6.8); Italian states, 18; Austria, 12; U.S. 9.6; combined populations of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, the duchies, principalities and free cities of Germany, 26.1.
Jul: 28th, Independence of Peru from Spain formally proclaimed.
Aug: 10th, Missouri finally becomes member of the Union as a slave state (see Mar. 6th 1820).
Nov: 28th, Panama is declared independent of Spain and joins Republic of Colombia.
Feb. 23rd John Keats dies (26).
May 5th Napoleon I dies (52).
Aug. 31st Hermann Helmholtz is born (1894).
Oct. 30th Feodor Dostoievsky is born (1881).
Dec. 12th Gustave Flaubert is born (1880).
Saint-Simon's Du systeme industriel (On the Industrial System).
J. Mill, Autobiography.
Angus Bethune Reach is born (1856).
Lucie Duff-Gordon is born (1869).
Isabella Banks is born (1872).
Dora Greenwell is born (1882)
Felix Octavius Carr Darley is born (1888).
Frederick Locker-Lampson is born (1895).
Linnaeus Banks is born (1897).
Hegel travels again in the fall to Dresden.
Hegel becomes dean of the philosophical faculty for a one-year term.

1822
Great Britain Withdraws from the Concert of Europe.
Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (1797-1856): Poems.
Mar: 17th, in France new press law prohibits sale of newspapers unless they are approved by government, requiring offenders to be tried in royal courts, where magistrates take orders from government officials.
Dec: 14th, Congress of Verona ends, having ignored Greek War of Independence; Bottle Riots in Dublin, where Viceroy of Ireland is attacked by Orangemen, the violent element of Irish Protestants.
Francis Place, Illustrations of the Principles of Population, advocates birth control.
Streets of Boston, Mass., lit by gas.
Stendhal (pseud.), De l'amour, which sells only 17 copies in 11 years.
Apr. 27th Ulysses Grant is born (1885).
July 24th E.T. A. Hoffman dies (46).
Der Christliche Glaube (The Christian Faith).
Lamarck, Natural History of Invertebrate Animals.
Matthew Arnold is born (1888).
Dion Boucicault [Dionysius Lardner Boursiquot] is born (1890).
Thomas Hughes is born (1896).
Hegel writes the preface to Hinrich's book on the philosophy of religion Hallesche A. Zeitung publishes an attack on Hegel, and Hegel fails in his attempt to get the government to intercede for him.
Hegel-October: trip to the Netherlands.
Hegel writes a memorandum on the teaching of philosophy and other subjects in the Gymnasium.

1823
Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834), German theologian: Christian Dogma.
Friedrich Schleiermacher, Christian Dogma.
James Fenimore Cooper, The Pioneers (first of the 'Leatherstocking' novels).
Stendhal (pseud.), Racine et Shakespeare (25).
Dec: 2nd, Monroe Doctrine excludes European powers from interfering in politics of American Republics and closes American continent to colonial settlements by them.
William Cory is born (1892).
Coventry Patmore is born (1896).
Charlotte Mary Yonge is born (1901).
Hegel redeems the bond he put up for Asversus.

1824
Beethoven Ninth Symphony. James Mill (1773-1836): Essays on Government.
Nov: in U.S. presidential election none of the four candidates has a majority; House of Representatives elect John Adams as president.
Leopold von Ranke's History of the Roman and Teutonic People, 1494-1514, founds modern historiography.
J.F. Herbart, Psychology as a Science (25).
Aug. 8th Friedrich August Wolf dies (65).
Sydney Thompson Dobell is born (1874).
William Allingham is born (1889).
Wilkie Collins is born (1889).
Francis Turner Palgrave is born (1897).
George MacDonald is born (1905).
Walter Chalmers Smith is born (1908).
Hegel-September/October: trips to Prague and Vienna.
September 21-October 5: Hegel's stay in Vienna.
November 4, 1824: Hegel writes the Prussian police on behalf of Victor Cousin.

1825
January 3: Robert Owen (1771-1858) founds America's first utopian society at New Harmony, Indiana.
Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway.
The Decembrist Revolt.
Mar: 4th, John Quincy Adams is inaugurated sixth President of U.S.
Joseph Smith, founder of Mormons, claims he had his vision.
Comte de St. Simon, Nouveau Christianisme.
Franz Schubert, 'Death and the Maiden' quartet.
Alexander Pushkin, Boris Godunov.
May 4th Thomas Henry Huxley is born (1895).
Oct. 25th Johann Strauss is born (1899).
Nov. 14th Jean Paul Friederick Richter ('Jean Paul') dies (62).
Nouveau christianisme (New Christianity).
R.M Ballantyne is born (1894).
Thomas Henry Huxley is born (1895).
Richard Doddridge Blackmore is born (1900).
Adelaide Anne Procter is born (1864).

1826
Felix Mendelssohn: Overture to Midsummer Night's Dream. Franz Schubert: song cycle Die Winterreise.
University College, London, and Munich University founded.
First railway tunnel (Liverpool-Manchester railway).
F. Mendelssohn, music for A Midsummer Night's Dream.
James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans.
Heinrich Heine, Pictures of Travel, I.
July 4th Thomas Jefferson dies (73).
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Ritchie is born (1903).
Robert Ferguson is born (1864).
Walter Bagehot is born (1877).
Dinah Maria Mulock Craik is born (1887).
William Alexander is born (1894).
Jane Francisca Wilde is born (1896).
Hegel-writes "On a Complaint on Account of a Public Slander of the Catholic Religion".
Hegel writes, "Uber die Bekehrten" ("On the Converted") for the Berliner Schnellpost.
Hegel-July 23, 1826: Founding of the Jahrbucher fur wissenschaftliche Kritik.
Ludwig Fisher Hegel leaves the family (probable date).

1827-1838
James Audubon (1785-1851) publishes The Birds of America.
Ludwig van Beethoven (b. 1770) dies at Vienna.
Noah Webster's (1758-1843) monumental American Dictionary of the English Language is published.
Franz Schubert, Die Winterreise.
Heinrich Heine, Buch der Lieder.
Mar. 5th Pierre Simon Laplace dies (77).
Mar 26th Ludwig van Beethoven dies (56).
Aug. 12th William Blake dies (69).
James Hannay is born (1873).
Mortimer Collins is born (1876).
Edward Bradley is born (1889).
George Henry Kingsley is born (1892).
Hegel-New edition of the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences.
Hegel-August-October: trip to Paris.
Hegel-publishes "On the Episode of the Mahabharata Known as the Bhagavad-Gita by Wilhelm von Humboldt" in the Jahrbucher fur wissenschaftliche Kritik.
Returning through Brussells, Hegel visits van Ghert, discusses Ludwig Fisher.
Hegel stops off in Weimar, visits with Goethe.

1828
Miguel Seizes the Portuguese Throne.
J.G. Grimm, German Legal Antiquities.
Noah Webster's Dictionary.
Dugald Stewart, Philosophy of the Active and Moral Powers of Man.
S.T. Coleridge, Constitution of Church and State.
Thomas Carlyle's Essay on Goethe draws attention of English readers to German literature.
Alexander Pushkin, Poltava.
Mar. 20th Henrik Ibsen is born (1906).
Aug. 28th Leo Tolstoy is born (1910).
Nov. 19th Franz Schubert dies (31).
Alexander Gilchrist is born (1861).
J. Stanyan Bigg is born (1865).
Charles Allstone Collins is born (1873).
Dante Gabriel Rossetti is born (1882).
Anne Gilchrist is born (1885).
Margaret Oliphant is born (1897).
Elizabeth Rundle Charles is born (1896).
Josephine Elizabeth Butler is born (1906).
Gerald Massey is born (1907).
George Meredith is born (1909).
Arthur Munby is born (1910).
Hegel-"Hamann's Writings" in the Jahrbucher fur wissenschaftliche Kritik and Review of Solger in the Jahrbucher fur wissenschaftliche Kritik.
Lange, Frederick A. is born (1875).

1829
Joseph Smith (1805-1844) publishes The Book of Mormon.
Mar: 4th, Andrew Jackson is inaugurated President of U.S.
First steam locomotive runs in U.S. (Baltimore-Ohio, Aug. 9th).
James Mill, Analysis of the Human Mind.
An Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind.
Thomas William Robertson is born (1871).
Edward Dutton Cook is born (1883).
Catherine Mumford Booth is born (1890)
William Booth is born (1912).
Hegel-September: trip to Prague; visit the spa in Karlsbad where he accidentally meets Schelling; on the return trip, he visits Goethe.

1830
Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892): Poems, Chiefly Lyrical.
Lyell Publishes The Principles of Geology.
July Revolution in France.
Belgian Revolution.
First Polish Rebellion.
F.J. Stahl, Philosophy of Law.
Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology (33).
J.J. Audubon, Birds of America.
Auguste Comte, Course of Positive Philosophy.
Stendhal (pseud.), Le Rouge et le Noir.
Alfred Lord Tennyson, Poems chiefly Lyrical.
Emigration from Great Britain to U.S., 1820-30, totals 27,489, and from Ireland to U.S. 54, 338.
Dec. 17th Simon Bolivar dies (47).
Aug. 14th, Constitutional Charter in France, based on an elective monarchy, allowing for initiation of legislation in Chambers, for the permanent suppression of press censorship, and for end to Catholicism as State religion of France.
Henry Kingsley is born (1876).
Christina Georgima Rossetti is born (1894).
Thomas Edward Brown is born (1897).
Sebatian Evans is born (1909).
Justin M'Carthy is born (1912).
Hegel-Third edition of the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences.
Hegel is elected rector of the university.
Hegel publishes his review of Goesschel's "Aphorisms on Ignorance and Absolute Knowing" in the Jahrbucher fur wissenschaftliche Kritik.
Hegel publishes his review on "On the Hegelian Doctrine or Absolute Knowing and Modern Pantheism-On Philosophy in General and Hegel's Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Particular" in the Jahrbucher fur wissenschaftliche Kritik.
Hegel-March 6: lunch with the royal family during which there is a remembrance of Holderlin.
Hegel-June 25: Latin speech on the three hundredth anniversary of the Augsburg Confession.

1831-1848
Honore de Balzac (1799-1850) writes more than 50 volumes comprising La Comedie. Humaine (The Human Comedy).
Mazzini Founds "Young Italy".
Aug: 2nd, Dutch troops invade Belgium, but are forced to withdraw, 20th, when French army enters Belgian territory.
Charles Darwin's voyage on the Beagle.
William Miller founds Second Adventists in U.S., predicting the end of the world in 1843.
Goethe, Faust II; Hegel, preface to the 2nd edition of the Logik.
Honore de Balzac, Peau de Chagrin and Le Chef-d'oeuvre inconnu.
Populations (in millions): Great Britain, 12.2; Ireland, 7.7; U.S., 12.8.
Jan. 2nd Berthold Niebuhr dies (54).
July 4th James Monroe dies (73).
Nov. 14th Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel dies (61).
Charles Stuart Calverley is born (1884).
Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards is born (1892).
Isabella Lucy Bishop (nee Bird) is born (1904).
Helen Taylor is born (1907).
William Hale White is born (1913).
Hegel-New reworking of Science of Logic, Volume I (appears 1832).
Hegel-November 14: Hegel dies in Berlin.
Hegel publishes his review of "Ideal-realism" in the Jahrbucher fur wissenschaftliche
Kritik.
Hegel-"On the English Reform Bill".

1832
Reform Act of 1832.
Giuseppe Mazzini founds 'Young Italy' movement.
Washington Irving, A Town of the Prairie.
George Sand (pseud.), Indiana.
Lord Tennyson, The Lotus-Eaters and The Lady of Shalott.
Goethe, Faust, pt. ii.
V. Hugo, Le Roi's amuse.
Mar. 22nd Johann Wolfgang Goethe dies (82).
Aug. 16th Wilhelm Wundt is born (1920).
The Province of Jurisprudence Determined.
The Economy of Machinery and Manufactures.
Decline of Science in England.
Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) is born (1898).
Theodore Watts Dunton is born (1914).
Lewis Carroll is born (1898).
Joseph Skipsey is born (1903).
Leslie Stephen is born (1904).
Walter Theodore Watts-Dunton is born (1914).
Comte-Cours de philosophie positive, 6 vol. (Lectures on the positive philosophy)

1833
The Zollverein.
Abolition of Slavery in the British Colonies.
Restoration of Maria II to the Throne of Portugal.
Robert Browning (1812-1889), English poet: Pauline.
Mar: 4th, Jackson begins second term as U.S. President.
Apr: 3rd, attempt by revolutionaries in Germany to take over Frankfurt Diet in protest against articles of June 1832 is easily crushed.
Dec: General Trades Union in New York links all unions in one organization.
End of East India Company's monopoly of China trade.
Alexander Pushkin, Queen of Spades.
George Sand (pseud.), Lelia.
May 7th Johannes Brahms is born (1897).
Aug. 20th Benjamin Harrison is born (1901).
Wilhelm Dilthey is born (1911).
Charles George Gordon is born (1885).
Charles Bradlaugh is born (1891).
John Nichol is born (1894).
Richard Watson Dixon is born (1900).

1834
Carlist Wars in Spain.
The New Poor Law.
J. Bentham, Deontology; or the Science of Morality (posth).
Abolition of slavery in British Empire (Aug. 1st).
July 25th Samuel Taylor Coleridge dies (61).
Dec. 23rd T.R. Malthus dies (68).
John Venn is born (1923).
Elizabeth Siddal is born (1862).
James Thomson is born (1882).
Charles Haddon Spurgeon is born (1892).
William Morris is born (1896).
Joseph Henry Shorthouse is born (1903).
Sabine Baring-Gould is born (1924).

1835
Municipal Corporations Act.
David Friedrich Strauss (1808-1874), German theologian, writes Das Leben Jesu (Life of Jesus), which holds that none of the Gospels is factually accurate.
A. de Tocqueville, De la Democratic en Amerique.
C. A. Brandis, Handbook to the History of Graeco-Roman Philosophy.
J. Grimm, German Mythology.
D.F. Strauss, Life of Jesus.
Nov. 30th 'Mark Twain' (pseud. Of Samuel Langhorne Clemens) is born (1910).
Edward Caird is born (1908).
John Byrne Leicester Warren is born (1895).
Samuel Butler is born (1902).
Mary Elizabeth Braddon is born (1915).

1836
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), American philosopher, essayist and poet, leader of Transcendental movement: Nature. Arthur Schopenhauer: Uber den Willen in der Natur (On the Will in Nature)
Beginning of the Chartist Movement
Communist league formed in Paris.
Samuel Morse builds his first telegraph.
F.C. Diez, Grammar of the Romance Languages.
R.W. Emerson's Nature founds Transcendentalism.
Karl Immermann, Epigonen.
Thomas Hill Green is born (1882).
Isabella Mary Beeton is born (1865).
Thomas Ashe is born (1889).
Walter Besant is born (1901).
William Schwenck Gilbert is born (1911).
Schopenhauer-Uber den Willen in der Natur (On the Will in the nature).

1837
Dickens: Oliver Twis.
Jan: 26th, Michigan becomes a U.S. state.
Mar: 4th, Martin Van Buren is inaugurated President of U.S.
Dec: 29th, King of Hanover dismisses seven professors of Gottingen University, including the brothers Grimm, who oppose his revocation of Constitution.
James Dana, System of Mineralogy.
Thomas Carlyle, French Revolution.
W.H. Prescott, Ferdinand and Isabella.
Immanuel Fichte founds Zeitschrift fur Philosophie.
C. Dickens, Oliver Twist (38).
Feb. 10th Alexander Pushkin dies (37).
Mar. 18th Stephen Grover Cleveland is born (1908).
Apr. 17th J. Pierpont Morgan is born (1913).
Wissenschaftslehre.
"The American Scholar."
Augusta Webster is born (1894).
Algernon Charles Swinburne is born (1909).
John Richard Green is born (1883).

1838
Antoine Cournot, The Mathematics of Commerce.
F. Lieber, Political Ethics.
Hugh Miller, Crystallography.
T. Arnold, History of Rome.
C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby.
E. F. Morike, Poems.
E. A. Poe, Arthur Gordon Pym.
Navies: Britain, 90 ships of the line; France, 49; Russia, 50; U.S., 15.
Feb. 6th Henry Irving is born (1917).
July 8th Ferdinand Zeppelin is born (1905).
Essay on Probabilities.
Franz Clemens Brentano is born (1917).
Ernst Mach is born (1916).
Henry Sidgwick is born (1900).
David Gray is born (1861).
Thomas Davidson is born (1870).
Benjamin Leopold Farjeon is born (1903).
Henry Irving is born (1905).
Alfred Comyns Lyall is born (1911).
Edwin Abbott is born (1926).
George Otto Trevelyan is born (1928).

1839
Charles S. Peirce is born (1914).
Daguerre Develops the First.
Stendhal: La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma).
Feb: 11th, Durham Report on North America debated in House of Lords.
Michael Faraday, Researches in Electricity (1855).
Charles Darwin, Voyage of the 'Beagle'.
H.W. Longfellow, Voices of the Night.
Stendhal (pseud.), La Chartreuse de Parme.
Jan. 19th Paul Cezanne is born (1906).
July 8th John D. Rockefeller is born (1937).
Walter Pater is born (1894).
Marie Louise de la Ramee is born (1908.

1840
Grove's First Incandescent Electric Lamp.
R. Wagner, Faust overture.
J.F. Cooper, The Pathfinder.
E.A. Poe, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque.
Apr. 2nd Emile Zola is born (1902).
June 2nd Thomas Hardy is born (1928).
Nov. 14th Claude Oscar Monet is born (1926), and Auguste Rodin is born (1917).
P.J. Proudhon, What is Property?
P.J. Proudhon, Pornocracy.
W. Whewell, Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded upon Their History.
John Addington Symolds is born (1893).
Cosmo Monkhouse is born (1901).
Rhoda Broughton is born (1920).
Henry Austin Dobson is born (1921).
Wilfred Scawen Blunt is born (1922).
Thomas Hardy is born (1928).
Queen Victoria marries her cousin Albert, who becomes Prince Consort.

1841
Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872), German philosopher: Essence of Christianity. Arthur Schopenhaur: Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik (The Basis of Morality).
Jan: 26th, British sovereignty proclaimed over Hong Kong.
Mar: 4th, W.H. Harrison inaugurated President of U.S.
Apr: 4th, on Harrison's death, John Tyler becomes President of U.S.
May: 3rd, New Zealand is formally proclaimed as British colony.
Nov: U.S. slave ship Creole is taken over by slaves who murder crew and put into port in British West Indies where slavery is not recognized; U.S. demands for their return are ignored by Britain.
Populations: Great Britain, 18,543,000; Ireland, 8,175,000; U.S., 17,063,353. Principal cities: London, 2,235,344; Paris, 935,261; Vienna, 356,870; New York, 312,710; Berlin, 300,000.
Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy.
Rudolf Lotze, Metaphysics.
Ludwig Feuerbach, Essence of Christianity.
David Livingstone begins missionary work in Africa.
A.H. Hoffman, Deutschland, Deutschland uber Alles.
T. Carlyle, On Heroes and Hero-Worship.
Marx, Dissertation uber Demokrit und Epicur.
Kierkegaard, Master's Thesis, Uber den Begriff der Ironie.
Kierkegaard, defended his dissertation On the Concept of Irony with constant reference to Socrates.
Kierkegaard, trip to Berlin, where he attended lectures by Schelling.
Om Begrebet Ironi (The Concept of Irony).
Das Wesen des Christientums (The Essence of Christinity).
First Series.
"Self-Reliance."
Robert Williams Buchanan is born (1901).
George Augustus Simcox is born (1905).
William Henry Hudson is born (1922).

1842
William James is born (1910).
Auguste Comte (1798-1857), French philosopher: Cours de philosophie positive (The Course of Positive Philosophy).
June 12th Thomas Arnold dies (46).
F. Mendelssohn, Symphony in A minor.
H.W. Longfellow, Ballads and Other Poems.
Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome.
Feuerbach, Wesen des Christentums.
Jan 11th William James is born (1910).
Feb. 4th Georg Brandes is born (1927).
William John Courthope is born (1917).
Charlotte Mason is born (1923).
Karl Robert Eduard Von Hartmann is born (1906).
Kierkegaard, returned from Berlin.
Copyright Act.

1843
Wagner: Der Fliegende Hollander, (The Flying Dutchman), first performance in Dresden.
Apr. 15th Henry James is born (1916).
J.P. Joule, Production of Heat by Voltaic Electricity.
H.G. Liddell and R. Scott, Greek-English Lexicon.
J.S. Mill, Logic.
S. Kierkegaard, Either-Or: A fragment of Life.
S. Kierkegaard, Two Edifying Discourses.
S. Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling: A Dialectical Lyric by Johannes de Silentio.
Proudhon, De la creation de l'ordre dans l'humanite.
Marx, Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie.
R. Wagner, Flying Dutchman (opera).
Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present.
C. Dickens, A Christmas Carol.
Dialectisk Lyrik (Fear and Trembling).
Enten-Eller (Either-Or).
Grundstze der Philosophie der Zukunft (Principles of the Philosophy of the Future).
A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive.
Feuerbach, Grundsatze der Philosophie der Zukunft.
B. Bauer, Das entdeckte Christentum.
James Rice is born (1882).
Edward Dowden is born (1913).
Henry James is born (1916).
Charles Montagu Doughty is born (1926).
L. Feuerbach-Principles of the Philosophy of Future (Grundsatze der Philosophie der Zukunft).

1844
Friedrich Nietzsche is born (1900).
Christian Friedrich Hebbel (1813-1863), German dramatist: Mary Magdalen.
Jun: 6th, Factory Act in Britain restricts female workers to twelve-hour day and children between eight and 13 years limited to six-and-a-half hours.
James K. Polk (Democrat) wins U.S. presidential election with 170 electoral votes over Henry Clay (Whig), 105 votes.
J.S. Mill, Unsettled Questions of Political Economy.
H. Heine, Deutschland, ein Wintermarchen.
Stirner, Der Einzige und sein Eigentum.
Kierkegaard, The Concept of Dread.
Kierkegaard, The Concept of Anxiety: A Simple Psychologically-Oriented Reflection on the Dogmatic Problem of Original Sin by Vigilius Haufniensis.
Oct. 15th Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche is born to Franzisk Oehler and Carl Ludwig Nietzche (1900).
Okonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre (Economic and Political Manuscripts of 1844).
On the Jewish Question.
Begrebet Angest (The Concept of Dread).
The Elements of Political Economy.
Second Series.
Arthur William Edgar O'Shaughnessy is born (1881).
Gerard Manley Hopkins is born (1889).
Andrew Lang is born (1912).
Ada Cambridge is born (1926).
Robert Bridges is born (1930).
Comte-Discours sur l'Esprit positif (Discourse on the positive spirit).

1845
Edgar Allan Poe: The Raven and Other Poems. May1: Methodist Church in America splits because of controversy over slavery.
Irish Famine and the Great Emigration.
Mar: 4th, James K. Polk is inaugurated U.S. President.
F. Engels, The Condition of the Working Classes in England (Leipzig).
A. von Humboldt, Cosmos (58).
Louis Thiers, History of the Consulate and Empire.
T. Carlyle, Cromwell's Letters and Speeches.
J.H. Newman is received into the Roman Catholic Church (Oct. 9th) and explains his step in Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine.
R. Wagner, Tannhauser (opera).
Honore de Balzac, Les Paysans.
B. Disraeli, Sybil, or the Two Nations.
June 18th Andrew Jackson dies (78).
Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England (The Condition of the Working Class in England).
Woman in the Nineteenth Century.
Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor is born (1918).
William Kingdon Clifford is born (1879).
Louisa Sarah (Guggenberger) Bevington is born (1895).
Eugene Lee-Hamilton is born (1907).
William Canton is born (1926).
Louisa S. Bevington is born.
L. Feuerbach-The essence of Religion (Das Wesen der Religion).
Potato Failure in Europe; starvation in Ireland.

1846
Repeal of the Corn Laws.
Pontificate of Pope Pius IX.
Apr: 12th, on failure of U.S. negotiations with Mexico for purchasing New Mexico, President Polk sends troops into the disputed area.
Apr: 23rd, U.S. Senate resolves to end British joint occupation of Oregon under the Convention of Aug. 1827.
May: 13th, formal declaration of war by U.S. against Mexico.
German Professors meet at Frankfurt ('The Intellectual Diet of the German People') to discuss German reunification.
P.J. Proudhon, Philosophie de la misere.
R. Owen, British Fossils (1884).
George Grote, History of Greece.
W.H. Prescott completes The Conquest of Peru.
Friedrich Vischer, Aesthetics.
Theodor Waitz, Foundations of Psychology.
Gottfried Keller, Poems.
Dec: 28th, Iowa becomes a state of U.S.
The Irish potato crop again fails and famine increases despite organized relief.
H.W. Longfellow, The Belfry of Bruges.
J.G. Whittier, Voices of Freedom.
Honore de Balzac, La Cousine Bette.
F. Dostoievsky, Poor Folk.
Marx, Deutsche Ideologie.
Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments: A Mimetic-Pathetic-Dialectic Compilation, An Existential Plea, by Johannes Climacus.
Nov. 30 Friedrich List dies (57).
Afsluttende Uvidenskabelig Efterskrift (Concluding Unscientific Postscript).
Francis Herbert Bradley is born (1924).
Mathilde Blind is born (1896).
Machael Field (Katherine Harris Bradley, 1846-1914; Edith Emma Cooper, 1862-1913).
George Saintsbury is born (1933).
James Logie Robertson is born (1922).
Hugh Haliburton is born (1922).
Bram Abraham Stoker is born (1912).
Hugh Conway is born (1885).

1847
Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855), English novelist: Jane Eyre. Emily Jane Bronte (1818-1848), English novelist: Wuthering Heights.
Sep: 14th, U.S. forces capture Mexico City.
Mar. 3rd Alexander Graham Bell is born (1922).
Oct. 2nd Paul von Hindenburg is born (1934).
Louis Blanc's partisan History of the French Revolution (62).
Karl Marx attacks P.J. Proudhon in The Poverty of Philosophy.
H. Helmholtz, On the Conservation of Energy.
George Boole, Mathematical Logic.
L. von Ranke, Neun Bucher preussischer Geschichte (1848).
Giuseppe Ferrari, Philosophy of History.
Marx, Das kommunistische Manifest.
Kierkegaard, May a Man Be Martyred for the Truth ?
G. Verdi, Macbeth (opera).
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre.
Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights.
W.M. Thackeray, Vanity Fair (48).
Feb. 11th Thomas Alva Edison is born (1931).
Purity of Heart is to Will One Thing.
The Mathematical Analysis of Logic.
Formal Logic.
Alice Christiana Gertrude Meynell is born (1922).
George R. Sims is born (1922).
Flora Anne Steel is born (1929).
Annie Besant is born (1933).

1848-1925
Gottlob Frege is born.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), English philosopher and economist: Principles of Political Economy. February: Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engles (1820-1895): Communist Manifesto.
Revolutions of 1848 in Italy.
Publication of the Communist Manifesto.
Paris Revolution of 1848.
Prussian Revolution of 1848.
Swiss Confederation Formed.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels issue Communist Manifesto (Feb.).
Marx's pamphlet, Wage, Labour and Capital.
J.S. Mill, Principles of Political Economy.
Jakob Grimm, History of the German Language.
Lord Macaulay, History of England (61).
Carl Nicolai, The Merry Wives of Windsor (opera).
May: 15th, Communist rising in Paris.
German National Assembly meets at Frankfurt and suspends German Conferderation.
Wisconsin becomes U.S. state.
Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo (Feb. 2nd) ratified by Mexico so that U.S. obtains Texas, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, parts of Colorado and of Wyoming from Mexico in return for large indemnity.
Archduke John of Austria is elected Regent of the Reich, which is to replace German Conferderation.
July 4th Francois de Chateaubriand dies (79).
Aug. 12th George Stephenson dies (67).
Paul Gauguin is born (1903).
Dec: 27th, German National Assembly proclaims fundamental rights.
Manifest der kommunistischen Partei (Communist Manifesto).
Discours sur l'Ensemble du positivisme (A General View of Positivism).
The Voyage of the Beagle.
Bernard Bosanquet is born (1923).
Vilfredo Pareto is born (1923).
Digby Mackworth Dolben is born (1867).
Richard Jefferies is born (1887).
Aubrey Moore is born (1890).
Charles Grant Blairfindie Allen is born (1899).
Sydney Grundy is born (1914).
Christina Fraser-Tytler is born (1927).
Comte-Discours sur l'Ensemble du Positivisme (Discourse on the Totality of Positivism).

1849
Mar: 4th, Zachary Taylor inaugurated President of U.S.
Apr: 25th, Rebellion in Montreal against British rule.
Jun: 6th, German National Assembly (a 'rump') moves to Stuttgart and, 18th, is dissolved by troops; marks failure of attempt at German unification under a Parliamentary system.
Jun: 13th, Communist riots in Paris are easily defeated and lead to repressive legislation.
J.M. Kemble, The Saxons in England.
F. Liszt, Tasso.
R. Schumann, music for Manfred.
Matthew Arnold, The Strayed Reveller.
C. Dickens, David Copperfield (50).
Oct. 7th Edgar Allan Poe dies (40).
Oct. 17th Frederic Chopin dies (39).
Sygdomen Til Doden (The Sickness unto Death).
D. Thoreau, "On Civil Disobedience".
William Ernest Henley is born (1903).
Edmund William Gosse is born (1903).
Henry Bellyse Baildon is born (1907).
William Hurrel Mallock is born (1923).
Sir Edmund William Gosse is born (1928).
Kierkegaard, The Sickness Unto Death: A Christian psychological exposition for edification and awakening by Anti-Climacus.
Gold discovered in California and Australia.

1850
Wilhelm Kettler (1811-1877) becomes Roman Catholic Bishop of Mainz, German, and champions Christian Socializm.
Jul: death of U.S. President Zachary Taylor who is succeeded by Millard Fillmore.
Aug: bill for the more effective recovery of fugitive slaves in U.S.
Sep: California is admitted to the Union as a free state.
Sep: the slave trade is forbidden in the District of Columbia.
Herbert Spencer, Social Studies, founds sociology.
P.L. Chebichev, On Primary Numbers.
H. Helmholtz establishes speed of nervous impulse.
Karl Lachmann's edition of Lucretius.
R.W. Emerson, Representative Men.
N. Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter.
Emigration to U.S. (1841-50): From Britain, 267,044; from Ireland, 780, 719.
Apr. 23rd William Wordsworth dies (80).
Aug. 17th Honore de Balzac dies (51).
Nov. 13th R.L. Stevenson is born (1894).
Grossenlehre.
The Narrative of Sojourner Truth (dictated to Olive Gilbert in 1850).
Philip Bourke Marston is born (1887).
Robert Louis Stevenson is born (1894).
Lafcadio Hearn is born (1904).
John Watson is born (1907).
Telegraph cable laid under English Channel.

1851
Crystal Palace Exhibition.
Comte Publishes Positive Philosophy.
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Becomes Emperor of France.
May: 16th, Prussia again recognizes German Confederation at Conference at Dresden; Censorship of Prussian press is revived.
German Diet appoints Reaction Committee to control small states and abolishes Fundamental Rights.
Populations (in millions): China, 430; German States and free cities, 34; France, 33; Great Britain, 20.8; Ireland, 6.5; Italy, 24; U.S. 23; Austria, 16.
July 12th Louis Daguerre dies (62).
Sept. 14th James Fenimore Cooper dies (61).
Vincenzo Gioberti, Il Rinnovamento Civile d' Italia.
Francis Parkman, The Conspiracy of Pontiac.
N. Hawthorne, The House of the Seven Gables.
H. Heine, Romanzero.
G. Keller, Der grune Heinrich (53).
H. Melville, Moby Dick.
Systeme de politique positive (System of Positive Polity).
H. Taylor, The Enfranchisement of Women.
S. Truth, Ain't I a Women?
Mary Augusta Arnold Ward [Mrs. Humphry Ward] is born (1920).
Henry Arthur Jones is born (1929).
Andrew Cecil Bradley is born (1935).
Ella Darcy is born (1937).
Schopenhauer-Parerga und Paralipomena (Supplements and Appendices).

1852
Kuno Fischer (1824-1907): History of Modern Philosophy. Harriet Beecher Stowe's.
Uncle Tom's Cabin is published in book form. It evokes sympathy in the North for slaves and greatly angers Southerners.
Sept. 14th Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington dies (83).
Herbert Spencer coins the term 'evolution' in The Development Hypothesis.
Kuno Fischer, History of Modern Philosophy (93).
M. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna.
H. Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Mart St. Leger Kingsley is born (1931).
Isabella Augusta Gregory is born (1932).
George Augustus Moore is born (1933).
Lotze-Medizinische Psychologie oder Physiologie der Seele.

1853
The Crimean War.
Mar: 4th, Franklin Pierce inaugurated President of U.S.
Dec: German Navy of 1848 is sold by auction.
Britain discontinues transportation of convicts to Tasmania.
Vincent Van Gogh is born (1890).
T. Mommsen, History of Rome (56).
H. von Sybel, History of the French Revolution.
Johann Herzog, Encyclopaedia of Protestant Theology.
F. D. Maurice is expelled from his professorship at King's College, London, for questioning the doctrine of eternal punishment in Theological Essays.
R. Wagner issues his text of The Ring.
David George Ritchie is born is born (1903).
Lucy Clifford is born (1929).
Charles Harold Herford is born (1931).

1854
Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862): Walden; or Life in the Woods. Auguste Comte completes Systeme de politique positive.
Building of the Suez Canal.
U.S. makes first treaty with Japan, negotiated by Commodore Perry.
U.S. possessions in Far West are completed when Senate ratifies Gadsden Purchase (of Dec. 1853), which comprises area, which is now southern New Mexico and southern Arizona.
Georg Riemann, On the Hypotheses forming the Foundation of Geometry.
Richard Burton and John Speke travel to the interior of Somaliland.
J. Grimm, German Dictionary, vol I.
George Boole, The Laws of Thought on which are founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities.
C. Kingsley, Westward Ho!
H.D. Thoreau, Walden, or Life in the Woods.
Apr. 28th Johann Ludwig Tieck dies (80).
Aug. 20th Friedrich Schelling dies (79).
Oct. 20th Arthur Rimbaud is born (1891).
Oscar Wilde is born (1900).
James George Frazer is born (1941).
Lotze-Mikrokosmus. Ideen zur Naturgechichte und Geschichte der Menschheit (3 vols.,)

1855
Jacob Christopher Burckhardt (1818-1897), Swiss historian: Cicerone.
End of Taiping Rebellion in China.
Feb. 23rd K.F. Gauss dies (77).
Mar. 31st Charlotte Bronte dies (39).
Nov. 5th Eugene Debs is born (1926).
Nov. 11th Soren Kierkegaard dies (42).
Pierre Le Play, Les Ouvriers europeens, the first comparative study of working-class incomes.
Matthew Mauray, Physical Geography of the Sea.
D. Livingstone discovers Victoria Falls of the Zambesi River (Nov.).
Johann Droysen, History of Prussian Policy.
H. Milman, History of Latin Christianity.
W. H. Prescott, Philip II.
H. Spencer, Principles of Psychology.
H.W. Longfellow, The Song of Hiawatha.
Lord Tennyson, Maud and Other Poems.
Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass.
Oliver Madox Brown is born (1874).
Fiona Macleod [William Sharp] is born (1905).
William Paton Ker is born (1923).
Florence Henniker is born (1923).
Mary Mackay is born (1924).
Arthur Bingham Walkley is born (1926).
Arthur Wing Pinero is born (1934).
Joseph Hocking is born (1937).

1856
Discovery of the Neanderthal Man.
Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), French novelist: Madame Bovary.
February 17: German poet Heinrich Heine (b. 1797) dies.
James Buchanan (Democrat) wins U.S. presidential election.
Christian von Bunsen's Signs of the Times revives Liberal movement in Prussia.
Richard Burton and John Speke set out to find source of the Nile and (1858) discover Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria Nyanza.
C. A. de Tocqueville, L'Ancien Regime et la Revolution.
Theodor Goldstucker, Sanskrit Dictionary.
Friedrich Schelling's Berlin lectures on philosophy published posth.
Rudolf Lotze, Mikrokosmus (64).
Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary.
Victor Hugo, Les Contemplations.
Feb. 17th Heinrich Heine dies (58).
May 6th Sigmund Freud is born (1939).
July 26th George Bernard Shaw is born (1950).
July 29th Robert Schumann dies (46).
Dec. 28th Woodrow Wilson is born (1924).
Andrew Seth (Pringle-Pattison) is born (1931).
W. Whewell, The Elements of Morality.
Henry Rider Haggard is born (1925).
William Archer is born (1934).
F. Anstey [Thomas Anstey Guthrie] is born (1934).
Margaret Louisa Woods is born (1945).
George Bernard Shaw is born (1950).

1857
Flaubert Publishes Madame Bovary.
James Buchanan inaugurated President of U.S.
Sept. 5th Auguste Comte dies (59).
Sept. 15th William Howard Taft is born (1930).
Dec. 3rd Joseph Conrad is born (1924).
Matrimonial Causes Act establishes divorce courts in England and Wales.
Widespread cattle disease in Europe.
H. T. Buckle, History of Civilisation.
F. Liszt, A Faust Symphony.
Charles Baudelaire, Les Fleurs du Ma.
Thorsten Veblen is born (1929).
George Gissing is born (1903).
John Davidson is born (1909).
Nathaniel Gould is born (1919).
Joseph Conrad is born (1924).
William Pett Ridge is born (1930).
Morley Roberts is born (1942).
A. Mary F. Robinson is born (1944).

1858
Laying of the First Transatlantic Cable.
Napoleon III and Cavour Meet at Plombieres.
Minnesota becomes U.S. state.
Jun: 26th, Treaty of Tientsin ends Anglo-Chinese War; China opens further ports to British commerce and legalizes opium trade (similar treaty with France by Chinese June 27th).
Debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in Senatorial campaign in Illinois, which Douglas ultimately wins.
Nov. 17th Robert Owen dies (87).
Henry Carey, Principles of Social Science.
Henry Rawlinson, The History of Herodotus.
Thomas Carlyle, Fredrick the Great.
William Morris, The Defense of Guenevere.
"Sketches from My Life."
Emile Durkheim is born (1917).
W. Whewell, The Plurality of Worlds.
Giuseppe Peano is born (1920).
Edith Nesbit is born (1924).
William Watson is born (1935).

1859
John Stuart Mill Publishes On Liberty.
Napoleon III and the Emperor Francis Joseph Meet at Villafranca.
John Stuart Mill: On Liberty.
Darwin Publishes On the Origin of Species.
Formation of German National Association by Rudolf von Bennigsen to work for German unity under Prussia.
John Brown, American abolitionist, makes abortive raid on Harpers Ferry, site of a federal arsenal (he is hanged Dec. 2nd).
J.S. Mill, On Liberty.
K. Marx, Criticism of Political Economy.
Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species by Natural Selection.
L. von Ranke, History of England Principally in the Seventeenth Century.
R. Wagner, Tristan und Isolde (opera).
Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities.
Apr. 3rd Washington Irving dies (76).
Apr. 16th Charles Alexis de Tocqueville dies (53).
May 6th Alexander von Humboldt dies (89).
May 22nd Arthur Conan Doyle is born (1930).
Oct. 18th Henri Bergson is born (1941).
Oct. 27th Theodore Roosevelt is born (1919).
Dec. 8th Thomas de Quincey dies (74).
An Investigation into the Laws of Thought.
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
J.K. Stephen is born (1892).
Francis Thompson is born (1907).
Sydney Lee is born (1926).
Jerome Klapka Jerome is born (1928).
Arthur Conan Doyle is born (1930).
Kenneth Grahame is born (1932).
Alfred Edward Housman is born (1936).
Henry Havelock Ellis is born (1939).
Alfred William Pollard is born (1944).
George Egerton [Mary Chavelit Bright] is born (1945).

1860
Garibaldi's Thousand "Redshirts" Land in Italy.
Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897): Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy.
Feb: 2nd, Jefferson Davis introduces Resolutions, in favor of federal slave trade, in U.S. Congress.
Aug: 25th, Anglo-French troops take Tientsin in war with China.
Nov: 4th, Abraham Lincoln (Republican) opposing further extension of slavery secures a majority of popular votes, but only 180 out of 303 electoral votes.
Dec: 20th, South Carolina secedes from Union, in protest at Abraham Lincoln's election.
J.S. Mill, Treatise on Representative Government.
Wilkie Collins, The Woman in White.
Emigration to U.S. (1851-60): from Britain, 423,964; from Ireland, 914,119.
Jan. 17th Anton Chekhov is born (1904).
July 7th Gustave Mahler is born (1911).
Sept. 21st Arthur Schopenhauer dies (72).
Frederic William Rolfe [Baron Corvo] (1913).
John Evelyn Barlas is born (1914).
Ellen T. Fowler is born (1929).
James Matthew Barrie is born (1937).
George Egerton is born (1945).
William Ralph Inge is born (1954).

1861
Yale University confers first Ph.D. degree in United States.
Emancipation of the Serfs.
Italy Is Proclaimed a Kingdom.
Mexican Adventure of Maximilian.
Feb: 4th, Peace Convention at Washington in effort to preserve Union.
Mar: 4th, Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of U.S.
Apr: 10th, Confederates take Fort Sumter, Charleston, S. Carolina after 40-hour bombardment, marking outbreak of American Civil War.
F. Lassalle, System of Assigned Rights.
H.Spencer, Education, Moral, Intellectual, Physical.
A. P. Stanley, Lectures on the Eastern Church.
Charles Dickens, Great Expectations.
Populations (in millions): Russia, 76; U.S., 32; Great Britain, 23.1; Ireland, 5.7; Italy, 25.
Feb. 15th A. N. Whitehead is born (1947).
May 6th Rabindranath Tagore is born (1941).
J.S. Mill-Utilitarianism.
J.S. Mill-Considerations on Representative Government.
J.S. Mill-Dissertations and Discussions, Political, Philosophical and Historical.
H. Spencer-Education.
Amy Levy is born (1889).
Henry Harland is born (1905).
Mary Elizabeth Coleridge is born (1907).
E. Pauline Johnson is born (1913).
Louise Imogen Guiney is born (1920).
Walter Alexander Raleigh is born (1922).
Maurice Hewlett is born (1923).
Katharine Tynan Hinkson is born (1931).
Oliver Elton is born (1945).
Alfred North Whitehead is born (1947).
American Civil War (1865).

1862-1869
Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1828-1910), Russian novelist: War and Peace.
Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881), Russian novelist: Memoirs from the House of the Dead, the record of his experiences in a Siberian penal colony.
Bismarck Becomes Minister-President of Prussia.
Feb: 6th, Ulysses S. Grant captures Fort Henry on Tennessee River from Confederates.
Dec: 13th, Confederate army under Robert E. Lee gains victory over Ambrose Burnside, at Fredericksburg.
J.S. Mill, Utilitariansim.
Herbert Spencer, First Principles.
F. Lassalle's Working-Class Programme advocates a system of State socialism.
F. W. A. Argelander completes the Bonn catalogue of stars visible in the Northern Hemisphere.
G. Flaubert, Salammbo.
V. Hugo, Les Miserables.
May 6th Henry David Thoreau dies (44).
Aug. 22nd Claude Debussy is born (1918).
Nov. 15th Gerhart Hauptmann is born (1946).
Nietzsche writes an essay for "Germania" called "Fate and History".
"Euphorion."
Theorien Uber den Mehrwert (Theory of Surplus Value).
Henry Seton Merriman is born (1903).
Violet Florence Martin is born (1915).
Arthur Christopher Benson is born (1925).
Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson is born (1932).
Montague Rhodes James is born (1936).
Henry John Newbolt is born (1938).
Sarah Grand is born (1943).
Eden Phillpotts is born (1960).

1863
Second Polish Rebellion.
Renan Publishes Life of Jesus.
John Stuart Mill: Utilitariansim. Ernest Renan (1823-1892): Vie de Jesus (Life of Jesus).
May: 5th, Confederate victory at Chancellorsville, Virginia, after five-day battle, but 'Stonewall' Jackson dies of wounds, 10th.
Jul: 1st (3rd), Robert E. Lee's Confederate army defeated by General Meade's force at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
T. H. Huxley, Man's Place in Nature.
Charles Lyell, The Antiquity of Man.
May 31st Francis Younghusband is born (1942).
Sept. 20th Jacob Grimm dies (78).
Lectures on Jurisprudence.
Victor Plarr is born (1929).
Neil Munro is born (1930).
Alfred Sutro is born (1933).
Anthony Hope Hawkins is born (1933).
William Wymark Jacobs is born (1943).
Arthur Quiller-Couch is born (1944).
Arthur Morrison is born (1945).
Violet Jacob is born (1946).
Arthur Machen is born (1947).
Mary Angela Dickens is born (1948).

1864
December 8: Pope Pius IX issues Syllabus Errorum, condemning liberalism, socialism and rationalism.
Formation of the First International.
Pius IX Publishes the Syllabus of Errors.
Apr: 10th, Archduke Maximilian of Austria accepts title of Emperor of Mexico.
Nov: 8th, re-election of Abraham Lincoln as U.S. President.
Nov: 29th, Massacre of Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians at Sand Creek, Colorado, by Col. Chivington's troops.
International Working-Men's Association founded in London.
Joseph Bertrand, Treatise on Differential and Integral Calculus.
P.I. Tchaikovsky, Overture Romeo and Juliet.
Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace (69).
H. Ibsen, The Pretenders.
Aug. 28th Ferdinand Lassalle dies (39).
Henri Toulouse-Lautrec is born (1901).
Max Weber is born (1920).
Stephen Phillis is born (1915).
Israel Zangwill is born (1926).
A. St John Adcock is born (1930).
Leonard Merrick is born (1939).
Laurence Alima-Tadema is born (1940).

1865
Mill: August Comte and Positivism. June 10: Richar Wagner: Tristan and Isolde, produced at Munich.
Mendel Announces His Laws on Genetics.
Apr: 9th, Lee, Confederate C.-in-C., capitulates to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse; 14th, Abraham Lincoln assassinated by J. W. Booth and is succeeded by Andrew Johnson as President of U.S.
May: 5th, Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy, is captured near Florida border and imprisoned; 26th, surrender of last Confederate army at Shreveport, near New Orleans, ends U.S. Civil War.
Dec: 13th, Amendment to U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery.
W. E. H. Lecky, A History of the Rise and Influence of Rationalism in Europe.
J.S. Mill, Auguste Comte and Positivism.
J.S. Mill, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy.
M. Arnold, Essays in Criticism.
Lewis Carroll (pseud.), Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
Jan. 16th Pierre Joseph Proudhon dies (56).
Apr. 15th Abraham Lincoln dies (56).
June 13th W. B. Yeats is born (1939).
Dec. 30th Rudyard Kipling is born (1936).
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
Hubert Crackanthorpe is born (1896).
Laurence Hoep is born (1904).
Rudyard Kipling is born (1936).
Arthur Symons is born (1945).
May Sinclair is born (1946).
Emmuska Orczy is born (1947).
Alfred Edward Woodley Mason is born (1948).
James Owen Hannay is born (1959).
Lange, Frederick A. - The History of Materialism: And Criticism of Its Present Importance (Geschichte des Materialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart).

1866
The Seven Weeks' War.
Formation of the North German Confederation.
Venetia Is Ceded to Italy.
Friedrich Albert Lange (1828-1875), German philosopher: History of Materialism. Fyodor Dostoyevsky: Crime and Punishment.
Jul: 20th, Italian fleet destroyed by Austrians off Lissa.
Aug: 23rd, Peace of Prague confirms preliminary peace of Nikolsburg (July 26th), whereby Austria to be excluded from Germany, while Hanover, Hesse, Nassau and Frankfurt are to be incorporated with Prussia, South German States to be independent, but States north of the Main to form Confederation under Prussia, which also obtains Austrian Silesia and territory from Saxony and from South German States.
Gregor Mendel's papers (1869) establish the laws of heredity.
Alfred Nobel invents dynamite.
Friedrich Lange, History of Materialism.
J.R. Seeley, Ecce Homo.
Fyodor Dostoievsky, Crime and Punishment.
Victor Hugo, Les Travailleurs de la Mer.
Walt Whitman, Drum Taps.
Jan. 29th Romain Rolland is born (1944).
Sept. 21st H. G. Wells is born (1946).
John McTaggart Ellis is born (1925).
L. Feuerbach-Gottheit, Freheit und Unsterblichkeit vom Standpunkte der Anthropologie (Divinity, Freedom and Immortality from the Anthropological Standpoint).
L. Feuerbach-Spiritualismus und Materialismus (Spiritualism and Materialism).

1867
The Reform Act of 1867: Disraeli's "Leap in the Dark".
Lister and Antiseptic Surgery.
Karl Marx: Das Kapital (first part).
The Austrian Ausgleich.
Mar: Napoleon III withdraws French support for Maximilian of Mexico.
U.S. purchases Alaska from Russia.
Aug: First Socialist, Ferdinand Bebel, elected to North German Reichstag.
Walter Bagehot, The English Constitution.
Karl Marx, Das Kapital, vol I.
E.A. Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest.
J.Strauss, The 'Blue Danube' Waltz.
Emile Zola, Therese Raquin.
Aug. 31st Charles Pierre Baudelaire dies (46).
Das Capital.
J. Venn, The Logic of Chance.

1868
Spanish Revolution of 1868.
Johannes Brahms (1833-1897), German composer: German Requiem. Dostoyevsky: The Idiot.
Shogunate abolished in Japan and restoration of Meiji dynasty.
Feb: 24th, President A. Johnson is impeached for violating the Tenure-of-Office Act of Mar. 1867.
May: 16th, Senate acquits President A. Johnson.
Jul: 28th, 14th Amendment to U.S. Constitution, concerned with civil rights.
Nov: In U.S. presidential election U.S. Grant (Republican) has 214 electoral votes over Horatio Seymour (Democrat), with 80 votes.
Charles Darwin, Variations of Animals and Plants under Domesticisation.
Burckhardt, Weltgeschichtliche Betrachtungen.
J. Brahms, A German Requiem, op. 45.
R. Wagner, The Mastersingers of Nuremberg (opera).
L.A. Alcott, Little Women.
G. Brandes, Aesthetic Studies.
F. Dostoievsky, The Idiot.
July 12th Stefan George is born (1933).
Lotze-Geschichte der Aesthetik in Deutschland (Munich).

1869
John Stuart Mill's Subjection of Women furthers feminist movement.
Mar: 4th, General U.S. Grant, Republican, is inaugurated President of U.S.
Sep: National Prohibition Party formed in Chicago to agitate for temperance.
Mar, 20th Neville Chamberlain is born (1940).
June 8th Frank Lloyd Wright is born (1959).
Oct. 2nd Gandhi is born (1948).
J.S. Mill, The Subjection of Women.
M. Bakunin founds the Social Democratic Alliance.
W.T. Thornton, On Labour.
M. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy.
Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius, its Laws and Consequences, founds the science of eugenics.
W.E.H. Lecky, A History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne.
Eduard Hardtmann, The Philosophy of the Unconscious.
M. Twain, The Innocents Abroad.
Jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.
Nietzsche is appointed professor of classical philology at the University of Basel.
Life Without and Life Within.
Suez Canal opened.
Union Pacific Railway completed in U.S.

1870
The Ems Telegram.
The Franco-Prussian War.
Rome Becomes the Capital of Italy.
Formation of the German Empire.
Feb. 7th Charles Dickens is born.
Jul: France declares war on Prussia.
J.D. Rockefeller founds Standard Oil Company.
Dictionary of American Biography begun.
Convocation of Church of England appoints committees (May) to revise the Old and New Testaments, which lead to the 'Revised Version'.
F. Dostoievsky, The House of the Dead.
Emigration to U.S. (1861-70): from Britain, 606,896; from Ireland, 435,779.
Apr. 9th Nikolai Lenin is born (1924).
June 9th Charles Dickens dies (58).

1871-1893
Emile Zola (1840-1902), French novelist: Les Rougon-Macquart, a series of 20 novels.
Establishment of the Third French Republic.
Italian Parliament Passes The Law of Papal Guarantees.
The Paris Commune.
Kulturkampf.
Michael Bakunin (1814-1876): Dieu et l'etat (God and the State), an anarchist tract.
Jan: 18th, William I of Prussia proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles.
Feb: 26th, preliminary peace of Versailles between France and Germany.
Mar: 18th, rising of Commune begins in Paris.
Mar: 26th, Commune is formally set up.
Apr: German Empire receives Constitution remodeled from that of North German Confederation.
May 21st, (28), 'Bloody Week' in Paris ends with defeat of the Commune.
Jul: 20th, Germany begins Kulturkampf (cultural struggle) with Catholic Church, when Otto von Bismarck suppresses the Roman Catholic Department for spiritual affairs.
W. S. Jevons, Theory of Political Economy.
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man.
H.M. Stanley meets D. Livingstone at Ujiji (Nov. 10th).
Archbishop of Munich excommunicates Ignaz Dollinger for refusing to accept Vatican decrees.
L.Carroll (pseud.), Through the Looking Glass.
George Eliot (pseud.), Middlemarch (72).
Walt Whitman, Democratic Vistas.
Populations (in millions): Germany, 41; U.S., 39; France, 36.1; Japan, 33; Great Britain, 26; and Ireland, 5.4; Italy, 26.8.
July 10th Marcel Proust is born (1922).
Aug. 30th Ernest Rutherford is born (1937).
The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music.
The Descent of Man.
Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo is born (1953).
Trade unions legalized.

1872
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), German poet and philosopher: The Birth of Tragedy.
Nov: 5th, re-election of Ulysses Grant, the Republican candidate (286 electoral votes) as President, over Horace Greeley (62 votes), who dies, 29th.
M. Bakunin is expelled from the International at the Hague Conference.
Thomas Edison perfects the 'duplex' telegraph.
D.F. Strauss, The Old Faith and the New.
Thomas Hardy, Under the Greenwood Tree.
Jules Verne, Around the World in 80 days, appears in Le Temps.
May 18th Bertrand Russell is born (1970).
July 4th Calvin Coolidge is born (1933).
July 16th Roald Amundsen is born (1928).
1872-1876 four Untimely Meditations.
Marxism, Freedom, and the State.
Budget of Paradoxes.

1873
Formation of the Three Emperors' League.
Jules Verne (1828-1905), French author of science fiction: Around the World in 80 Days.
May: Financial crisis begins in Vienna, spreading to other European capitals and leading to withdrawal of foreign investments from U.S.A.
Sept: Financial panic in U.S. caused by speculation, over-production and withdrawal of foreign capital.
H. Spencer, The Study of Sociology.
National Federation of Employers founded in Britain.
J. Clerk-Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism.
Walter Pater, Studies in the History of the Renaissance.
Christoph Sigwart, Logic.
J.S. Mill, Autobiography.
Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina.
May 8th John Stuart Mill dies (67).
Autobiography of John Stuart Mill.
Population of the United Kingdom at 26 million (France 36 million).

1874
Strike of agricultural workers in eastern England.
May: 20th, end of civil disturbances in Arkansas caused by disputed election of governorship.
At the Gotha Conference German Marxians and Lassalleans unite to form Socialist Working-Men's Party.
J.R. Green, Short History of the English People.
W. Stubbs, Constitutional History of England.
Henry Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics.
Wilhelm Wundt, Physiological Psychology.
W.E. Gladstone attacks papal infallibility in his pamphlet, The Vatican Decrees.
M.P. Moussorgsky, Boris Godunov (opera), and Pictures from and Exhibition.
J. Strauss, Die Fledermaus (opera).
R. Wagner completes Gotterdaammerung.
G. Flaubert, La Tentation de Saint Antoine.
T. Hardy, Far From the Madding Crowd.
V. Hugo, Ninety-Three.
Feb. 3rd Gertrude Stein is born (1946).
Mar. 26th Robert Frost is born (1964).
Aug. 10th Herbert Hoover is born (1964).
Nov. 30th Winston Churchill is born (1965).
Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt (Psychology from an Empiricl Standpoint).
Lotze-System der Philosophie Unfinished work.

1875
Socialist Congress at Gotha.
Great Britain Purchases Suez Canal Shares.
Feb: In the face of deteriorating with France Otto von Bismarck endeavours to preserve Germany's entente with Russia.
May: Religious orders abolished in Prussia.
F. Max Muller edits The Sacred Books of the East (51 vol. 1903).
Dictionary of German Biography is begun.
M. Twain (pseud.), The Adventure of Tome Sawyer.
Jan. 14th Albert Schweitzer is born (1965).
June 3rd Georges Bizet dies (36).
Aug. 13th Samuel Coleridge-Taylor is born (1912).
Dec. 4th Rainer Maria Rilke is born (1926).

1876
Spanish Constitution of 1876.
Aug: 1st, Colorado becomes a U.S. state.
Sep: W.E. Gladstone's The Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East.
Nov: U.S. Presidential election S. J. Tilden, Democrat, secures 184 out of the 185 electoral votes required, against R. B. Hayes, Republican, with 165, but 20 votes are in dispute (settled by electoral commission, Jan, 1877).
First International (International Working Men's Association) dissolved at Philadelphia Congress (July), M. Bakunin organizes 'Land and Liberty', a secret society in Russia, which becomes spearhead of the Populist Movement.
Lembroso, The Criminal, founds criminology.
John Hopkins University, Baltimore, founded, the first graduate school in U.S.
A.G. Bell patents the telephone.
T.A. Edison invents the phonograph.
F.H. Bradley, Ethical Studies.
A. Bain founds Mind.
J.Brahms, 1st Symphony in C Minor (op. 68).
R. Wagner, Siegfried (opera).
Julius Dahn, Ein Kampf.
Nov. 28th Carl von Baer dies (84).
Dec. 30th Michael Bakunin dies (62).
Ethical Studies.
Through the Looking Glass.

1877
Leo Tolstoy: Anna Karenina.
R. B. Hayes inaugurated U.S. President.
Apr: Russia declares war on Turkey and invades Roumania.
Oct: Britain signs treaty of commerce with Madagascar, which agrees to liberate slaves.
Asaph Hall discovers two satellites of Mars at Washington (Aug. 11th and 18th).
Lord Rayleigh, Treatise on Sound.
P. Cezanne shows 16 pictures at 3rd Impressionist Exhibition.
A. Rodin, The Bronze Age (sculpture).
Henry James, The American.
E. Zola, L'Assommoir.
Dec. 31st Gustave Courbet dies (58).
Lev Trotsky is born (1940).
C. Peirce, The Fixation of Belief.
A Critical Account of the Philosophy of Kant.

1878
Congress of Berlin.
Passage of Anti-Socialist Legislation in Germany.
Russians take Adrianople.
Greece declares war on Turkey.
May: radical attempt to assassinate Emperor William I of Germany; Reichstag rejects Bismarck's proposed repressive legislation against radicals.
Earliest electric street lighting in London.
W. E. H. Lecky, History of England in the XVIIIth Century.
F. Max Muller delivers first Hibbert Lectures on Comparative Religion.
Georges Romanes, A Candid Examination of Theism.
P. I. Tchaikovsky Swan-Lake (ballet).
Theodor Fontane, Vor dem Sturm.
T. Hardy, The Return of the Native.
A. C. Swinburne, Poems and Ballads.
Oct: 18th, anti-Socialist law in Germany (1890), prohibits public meetings, publications and collections, thus driving Socialism underground.
Sept. 20th Upton Sinclair is born (1968).
Nov. 27th Martin Buber is born (1965).
Human, All-too-Human: A Book for Free-Spirits.
C. Peirce, How to Make Our Ideas Clear.

1879
Fyodor Dostoyevsky: The Brothers Karamazov.
Feb: 4th, W. H. Waddington becomes French premier.
Aug: 4th, Alsace-Lorraine is declared an integral part of the German Reich under a governor-general.
Aug: 17th, French Panama Canal Company is organized under Ferdinand de Lesseps.
Henry George, Progress and Poverty.
Robert Giffen, Essay on Finance.
W. W. Skeat, Etymological English Dictionary.
H. Treitschke, History of Germany in the XIXth Century.
A. J. Balfour, Defense of Philosophic Doubt.
H.Spencer, Principles of Ethics.
P. I. Tchaikovsky, Eugen Onegin (opera).
G. Meredith, The Egoist.
H. Ibsen, A Doll's House.
Mar. 14th Albert Einstein is born (1955).
Nov. 5th James Clerk Maxwell dies (48).
Dec. 21st Joseph Stalin is born (1953).
"The Wanderer and His Shadow."
Begriffsschrift (Concept-notation).
Eduard Hartmann-Das sittliche Bewusstsein, appearing first as Phenomenologie des sittlichen Bewusstseins.

1880
Decrees in France for non-authorised religious associations to regularize their positions and for dispersal of Jesuits.
Michael Loris-Melikov becomes Russian minister of interior, with wide powers for dealing with Nihilists; the problem of constitutional reform is shelved.
Jul: 11th, French law grants amnesty to Marquis de Rochefort and other Communards of 1871.
Employers's Liability Act grants workmen compensation for accidents caused by employer's negligence.
Walter Bagehot, Economic Studies.
T. A. Edison and J.W. Swan independently make the first practical electric light.
Beginning of street lighting by electricity in New York.
John Caird, Philosophy of Religion.
P. I. Tchaikovsky, 1812 Overture and Italian Capriccio.
F. Dostoievsky, The Brothers Karamazov.
Jens Jacobsen, Niels Lyhne.
H.W. Longfellow, Ultima Thule.
Dostoevski, The Brothers Karamazov (XI, 4: "The Hymn and the Mystery").
D. Zola, Nana.
Emigration to U.S. (1871-80): from U.K., 548,043; from Ireland, 436,871.
Telephones: 50,000 private telephones in use in U.S.
Jan. 26th Douglas MacArthur is born (1964).
Mar. 1st Giles Lytton Strachey is born (1932).
May 8th Gustave Flaubert dies (58).
July 24th Ernest Bloch is born (1959).
Socialism, Utopian and Scientific.

1881
Leopold von Ranke: History of the World.
American Federation of Labor founded at Pittsburgh.
Edward Tylor, Anthropology.
B. F. Westcott and F. J. A. Hort, Greek New Testament.
Revised Version of New Testament.
C. Monet, Sunshine and Snow (painting).
G. Flaubert, Bouvard et Pecuchet.
H. James, Portrait of a Lady.
H. Ibsen, Ghosts.
Nietzsche, Eingebung zum Zarathustra (IV: "Das trunkne Lied").
Mar: James A. Garfield, Republican, is inaugurated U.S. President.
President Garfield is shot; he dies Sept. 19th, and is succeeded by Chester Arthur.
Rising against the French in Algeria.
Population (in millions): U.S., 53; Germany, 45.2; France, 37.6; Italy, 28.4; Great Britain, 29.7; Ireland, 5.1.
Populations of chief cities: London, 3.3; Paris, 2.2; New York, 1.2; Berlin, 1.1; Vienna, 1.0; Tokio, 0.8; St. Petersburg, 0.6; Brussels, 0.1.
Feb. 4th Thomas Carlyle dies (86).
Feb. 9th Feodor Dostoievsky dies (60).
Oct. 25th Pablo Picasso is born (1973).
Oct. 25th Clive Bell is born (1964).
Daybreak: Thoughts on Moral Prejudice.
J. Venn, Symbolic Logic.

1882
The Triple Alliance.
Feb. 27th Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is born.
May: U.S. bans Chinese immigrants for ten years.
Nov: 9th, Franco-British dual control of Egypt established.
M. Bakunin, Dieu et l'Etat.
W. S. Jevons, The State in Relation to Labour.
Married Women's Property Act in Britain gives married women the right of separate ownership of property of all kinds.
Gottlieb Daimler builds petrol engine.
T. A. Edison's generating station at Pearl Street, New York, and the first hydroelectric plant at Appleton, Wisconsin.
Leslie Stephen, Science of Ethics.
O. Wilde's Lectures on the Decorative Arts explains the aesthetic movement.
J. Brahms, Piano Concerto No. 2 in B flat.
R. Wagner, Parsifal (opera).
F.Nietzsche, Die frohliche Wissenschaft.
H. Ibsen, An Enemy of the People.
Jan. 25th Virginia Woolf is born (1941).
Jan. 26th Leon Gambetta dies (43).
Jan. 30th F. D. Roosevelt is born (1945).
Feb. 2nd James Joyce is born (1941).
Apr. 19th Charles Darwin dies (71).
Apr. 27th Ralph Waldo Emerson dies (78).
June 2nd Giuseppe Garibaldi dies (74).
June 5th Igor Stravinsky is born (1971).
Aug. 27th Samuel Goldwyn is born (1974).
Sept. 23rd, Friedrich Wohler dies (82).
Nov. 18th Jacques Maritain is born (1973).
The Gay Science (la gaya scienza).
Eduard Hartmann-Religionsphilosophie (2 vols., Das religiose Bewusstein der
Menschheit and Die Religion des Geistes).

1883
Nietzsche Publishes Thus Spake Zarathustra.
Social Insurance Laws in Germany.
Daimler Develops the Gasoline Internal Combustion Engine.
Friedrich Nietzsche begins writing Also sprach Zarathustra.
May 5th Karl Marx is born.
Mar: 15th, Irish-American terrorists attempt to blow up The Times office and the Local Government Board, London.
Lester Ward, Dynamic Sociology.
First skyscraper, Chicago.
Sydney-Melbourne railway opened.
Heinrich Brugsch, Inscriptiones Aegypticae.
F. H. Bradley, The Principles of Logic.
F.Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra.
Franz Reusch, History of the Index of Forbidden Books.
B Bjornson, Beyond Human Endurance.
G de Maupassant, Une Vie.
R. L. Stevenson, Treasure Island.
Feb. 18th Richard Wagner dies (70).
Feb. 23rd Karl Jaspers is born (1969).
Mar. 14th Karl Marx dies (65).
June 5th John Maynard Keynes is born (1946).
July 19th Benito Mussolini is born (1945).
Parts I and II of Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for Everyone and No One.
Einleitung in die Geisteswissenshaften (Introduction to the Human Sciences).
Prolegomena to Ethics.
The Science of Mechanics.

1884
Franchise Act of 1884.
February 1: Oxford English Dictionary begins to appear.
Legalization of French Trade Unions.
Berlin Conference on African Affairs.
Mar: 17th, Germany, Austria and Russia renew Three Emperors' Alliance (of June 1881); 21st, trades unions in France are legalized.
Nov: In U.S. presidential election Grover Cleveland, Democrat, wins 219 electoral votes.
Nov: 15th, Berlin conference of 14 nations on African affairs, organized by Otto von Bismarck and Jules Ferry, provides for free trade on Congo river and the abolition of slavery and the slave trade.
P.A. Kropotkin, Paroles d'un Revolte.
H. Spencer, The Man versus the State.
Oxford English Dictionary.
Mark Twain (pseud.), Huckleberry Finn.
Feb. 1st Hugo von Hofmannsthal is born (1929).
May 8th Harry S. Truman is born (1972).
Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Part III.
The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State.
Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik (The Basic Laws of Arithmetic).

1885
Mark Twain: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
Josiah Royce (1855-1916), American metaphysician: The Religious Aspect of Philosophy.
Mar: 4th, Grover Cleveland, Democrat, is inaugurated U.S. President.
Henry Maine, Popular Government.
Karl Marx, Das Kapital, vol. 2.
Gustav Cohn, Foundations of Political Economy.
Gottlieb Daimler invents internal combustion engine and Karl Benz builds single-cylinder engine for motor-car.
Dictionary of National Biography .
Albert Sorel, Europe and the French Revolution.
Leo Tolstoy, My Religion.
Richard Burton, The Arabian Nights.
Leo Tolstoy, The Power of Darkness.
Emile Zola, Germinal.
May 22nd Victor Hugo dies (83).
July 23rd Ulysses Grant dies (63).
Sept. 11th D. H. Lawrence is born (1930).
Oct. 30th Ezra Pound is born (1972).
Nov. 11th George Smith Patton is born(1945).
Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Part IV, privately printed.
Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation.

1886
The Boulanger Crisis.
Friedrich Nietzsche: Beyond Good and Evil. Henrik Ibsen: Rosmersholm.
May: 4th, Anarcho-Communists riot in Chicago.
A. Carnegie, Triumphant Democracy.
Karl Marx, Capital (first English edition of vol. I).
A. V. Dicey, The Law of the Constitution.
R. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis.
A. Harnack, History of Dogma.
F. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil
A. Rimbaud, Les Illuminations.
R. L. Stevenson, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
H. Ibsen, Rosmersholm.
Apr. 5th William Edward Forster dies (67).
May 10th Karl Barth is born (1965).
May 23rd Leopold von Ranke dies (91).
July 31st Franz Liszt dies (75).
July 31st Alexeivich Balakirev is born (1910).
Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future.
Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations.
Outlines of the History of Ethics.

1887
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930), creator of detective Sherlock Holmes: A study in Scarlet.
Jan: 11th, Otto von Bismarck advocates a larger German army.
Nov: 13th, ' Bloody Sunday' with casualties and arrests in Trafalgar Square at Socialist meeting attended by Irish agitators.
Joseph Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun.
Heinrich Hertz produces radio waves and demonstrates that they are reflected as are light waves.
F. W. Maitland, Bracton's Notebook.
J.Brahms, Concerto in A minor (op. 102) for violin and 'cello.
Hermann Sudermann, Frau Sorge.
Jan. 28th Artur Rubinstein is born (1982).
June 22nd Julian Huxley is born (1975).
July 14th Alfred Krupp dies (75).
Oct. 31st Chiang Kai-shek is born (1975).
On the Genealogy of Morals: A Polemic. Nietzsche reads Dostoevsky's Notes from Underground.
Games of Logic.

1888
Austrian composer Gustav Mahler's (1860-1911) first symphony is completed.
Jun: 15th, William II becomes Emperor of Germany, on death of his father, Frederick I.
Benjamin Harrison, Republican, wins 233 electoral votes, Grover Cleveland, Democrat, 168; his loss is ascribed to treachery of Tammany Hall, the Democratic organization in New York City.
James Bryce, American Commonwealth.
George Eastman's 'Kodak' box camera.
C.M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta.
Bernard Bosanquet, Logic or the Morphology of Thought.
James Martineau, A Study of Religion.
V. van Gogh, Sunflowers and The Yellow Chair (paintings).
Richard Strauss, tone poem Don Juan.
R. Kipling, Plain Tales from the Hills.
P. Verlaine, Amour.
E. Zola, La Terre.
Apr. 15th Matthew Arnold dies (65).
May 11th Irving Berlin is born (1989).
July 30th Werner Jaeger is born (1961).
Aug. 15th T. E. Lawrence is born (1935).
Sept. 5th Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan is born (1975).
Nov. 9th Jean Monnet is born (1979).
Nov. 9h T.S. Eliot is born (1965).
The Wagner Case: A Problem of Musicians; The Antichrist: A Curse on Christendom; Dionysos-Dithyrambs; Twilight of the Idols; Ecce Homo: How One Becomes What One Is; Nietzsche contra Wagner.
Ludwig Feuerbch and the Outcome of Classical German Philosophy.
Logic, or the Morphology of Knowledge.

1889
Richard Strauss (1864-1949), German composer and conductor: Don Juan.
Great Britain Strengthens the Royal Navy.
Mar: 4th, Benjamin Harrison, Republican, inaugurated as U.S. President.
May 25 Igor Sikorsky is born (1972).
Sept. 26th Martin Heidegger is born (1976).
Dec. 12th Robert Browning dies (77).
G.B. Shaw, Fabian Essays.
H. Bresslau, Handbuch der Urkundenlehre fur Deutschland und Italien.
S. Alexander, Moral Order and Progress.
H. Bergson, Les Donnees immediates et la conscience.
T.H. Huxley, Agnosticism.
Eiffel Tower, Paris, built.
The 'Red Flag' is written in London after a dock strike.
Gerhardt Hauptmann, Before Dawn.
W.B. Yeats, The Wanderings of Oisin.
Apr. 14th Arnold Toynbee is born (1975).
Apr. 16th Charles Chaplin is born (1977).
Apr. 20th Adolf Hitler is born (1945).
Thursday, January 3: Nietzsche collapses in the Piazza Carlo Alberto in Turin.
Essai sur les donnees immediates de la conscience (Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness).
Vom Ursprung sittlicher Erkenntnis (The Origin of Our Knowledge of Right and Wrong).
The Critical Philosophy of Immanuel Kant.
Elements de sociologie.
Twilight of the Idols.
Darwinism and Politics.
J. Venn, The Principles of Empirical or Inductive Logic.
G. Peano, The Principles of arithmetic, presented by a new method.

1890
Jun: U.S. Force bill, for federal control of elections, especially to protect Negro voters in the South, passes House of Representatives but is not adopted by Senate; Swiss federal government introduces social insurance.
John Sherman's anti-trust law enacted in U.S.
Industrial courts established in Germany to adjust wage disputes.
Oct: 1st, German anti-socialist law of 1878 expires and, 21st, Social Democrats adopt Marxist programme at Erfurt congress.
Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics.
William Booth, In Darkest England and the Way Out.
J.G. Frazer, The Golden Bough.
A.T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783.
William James, The Principles of Psychology.
P.I. Tchaikovsky, Queen of Spades (opera).
Leo Tolstoy, The Kreutzer Sonata.
Stefan George founds Blatter fur die Kunst.
H. Isben, Hedda Gabler.
Emigration to U.S. (1881-90): from Great Britain, 807,357; from Ireland, 655,482.
Mar. 29th Harold Spencer Jones is born (1960).
May 19th Ho Chi Minh is born (1969).
July 15th Gottfried Keller dies (71).
Sept. 15th Agatha Christie is born (1976).
Oct. 14th Dwight D. Eisenhower is born (1969).
Nov. 10th Arthur Rimbaud dies (37).
Nov. 22nd Charles de Gaulle is born (1970).
Nov. 22nd Vincent van Gogh dies (37).
The Principles of Psychology.

1891
Charles Booth, Life and Labour of the People in London.
R.W. Church (posth.), History of the Oxford Movement.
P. Gauguin settles in Tahiti.
J.M. Barrie, The Little Minister.
A.C. Doyle's Adventures of Sherlock Holmes begin in Strand Magazine.
T. Hardy, Tess of the D'Urbervilles.
Populations (in mills.): U.S. 65; Germany, 49.4; Japan, 40.7; France, 38.3; Great
Britain, 33; Ireland, 4.7; Italy, 30.3, Austria, 23.8.
Mar. 19th Earl Warren is born (1974).
Mar. 29th Georges Seurat dies (32).
Apr. 2nd Max Ernst is born (1976).
Sept. 28th Herman Melville dies (72).
Oct. 26th Helmuth Count von Moltke dies (90).
Nov. 15th Averell Harriman is born (1986).
Dec. 26th Henry Miller is born (1980).
The Principles of State Interference.

1892
Sergei Witte Begins the Industrialization of Russia.
Panama Canal Scandal in France.
California earthquake disaster (Apr. 19th).
Age of marriage for Italian girls raised to twelve.
G.J. Romanes, Darwin and After Darwinism.
Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge (painting).
G.B. Shaw, Widower's Houses.
Jan. 3rd J.R.R. Tolkien is born (1973).
Mar. 27th Walt Whitman dies (72).
July 23rd Haile Selassie is born (1975).
Nov: 8th, Grover Clevand, Democrat, wins U.S. presidential election with 277 electoral votes, on platform opposing the McKinley tariff and the Force bill, against Benjamin Harrison, Republican, 145, and James B. Weaver, Populist, 22.
Oct. 6th Alfred Lord Tennyson dies (83).
A Textbook of Psychology.
History of Aesthetics.
"Uber Sinn und Bedeutung" ("On Sense and Reference")
E. Stanton, Degradation of Disenfranchisement.

1893
Franco-Russian Alliance.
Jan: 13th, Independent Labour Party formed at conference in Bradford under Keir Hardie.
Anarchist outrages in Paris.
F.H. Bradley, Appearance and Reality.
W.T. Stead, If Christ Came to Chicago.
Leslie Stephen, Agnostic's Apology.
A. Dvorak, Symphony no. 5 ('From the New World', op. 95).
O. Wilde, A Woman of No Importance.
Jan. 12th Hermann Goering is born (1946).
Feb. 12th Omar Bradley is born (1981).
Dec. 26th Mao Tse-tung is born (1976).
Appearance and Reality.
The Evolution of Religion.
Symbolic Logic.
De la division de travail social (The Division of Labor in Society).
Darwin and Hegel with Other Philosophical Studies.

1894
The Dreyfus Affair.
Benjamin Kidd, Social Revolution.
Dutch Labour Party is founded.
F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, History of English Law.
R. Kipling, The Jungle Book.
G.B. Shaw, Arms and the Man.
Jun: 24th, President M.F. Sadi-Carnot of France is assassinated by an Italian anarchist at Lyons; succeeded by Jean Casimir-Perier.
Jul: 11th, laws suppressing anarchist and socialist organizations in Italy.
Aug: 1st, Japan declares war on China over question of Korea.
Apr. 17th Nikita Khrushechev is born (1971).
Apr. 26th Rudolf Hess is born ( 1987).
July 26th Aldous Huxley is born (1963).
Sept. 8th Hermann Helmholtz dies (73).
Dec. 3rd Robert Louis Stevenson dies (44).

1895
Marconi Develops Wireless Telegraphy.
Roentgen Discovers X Rays.
May: 20th, U.S. income tax declared unconstitutional.
Jul: 20th, U.S. note to Britain that a modification by force of British Guiana's boundary with Venezuela would be a violation of the Monroe doctrine.
K. Marx, Das Kapital, volume 3.
Sigmund Freud in Studien uber Hysterie founds psychoanalysis.
G. Mahler, Symphony no.2.
Henry James, The Middle Years (autobiography).
H.G. Wells, The Time Machine.
W.B. Yeats, Poems.
Jan. 1st Edgar Hoover is born (1972).
June 29th T.H. Huxley dies (70).
July 12th R. Buckminster Fuller is born (1983).
Dec. 1st Friedrich Engels dies (75).
Dec. 1st Georgi K. Zhukov is born (1974).
The philosophical paper on "What the Tortoise said to Achilles".
Les Regles de la methode sociologique (Rules for Sociological Method).
Natural Rights.
U.S. equals the U.K.'s industrial output.

1896
Theodor Herzl Publishes Der Judenstaat.
Italian Defeat at Adowa and the Downfall of Crispi.
Richard Strauss: Also sprach Zarathustra, tone poem.
Henri Bergson, Matiere et Memoire.
J. Brahms, Four Serious Songs (op. 121).
R. Strauss, tone poem Thus Spake Zarathustra.
T. Hardy, Jude the Obscure.
A. Chekhov, The Seagull.
Dec. 10th Alfred Nobel dies (63).
Nov: In U.S presidential election William McKinley.
Matiere et memoire (Matter and Memory).
Studies in the Hegelian Dialectic.

1897
Invention of the Diesel Engine.
S. & B. Webb, Industrial Democracy.
Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex.
Stefan George, Das Fahr der Seele.
H.G. Wells, The Invisible Man.
Mar: 4th, William McKinley inaugurated president of U.S. (1901).
Apr. 3rd Johannes Brahms dies (63).
Aug. 8th Jacob Burckhardt dies (79).
Austro-Hungarian Sociolist party splits into six nationalist groups.
The Will to Believe.
Le Suicide (Suicide: A Study in Sociology).
New Theories of Economics.
M. Weber, Sociology as Science.

1898
Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
"Fatti di Maggio" Riots.
The Fashoda Incident.
Loss of Spanish Colonies to the United States.
Otto von Bismarck, Reflections and Memoirs.
Count F. von Zeppelin makes an airship.
A. Rodin, The Kiss (sculpture).
T. Hardy, Wessex Poems.
H. James, The Turn of the Screw.
H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds.
Feb: 15th, destruction of U.S.S. Maine in Havana.
Apr: 25th, U.S. declares war on Spain, retroactive to Apr. 21st.
Jul: 25th, U.S. invades Porto Rico, and, 26th, Spain asks for terms.
Sep: 21st, Tzu-his, Dowager Empress of China, seizes power and revokes reforms.
Jan. 14th C.L. Dodgson ('Lewis Carroll') dies (65).
Apr. 18th Gustave Moreau dies (72).
July 19th Herbert Marcuse is born (1979).
July 30th Henry Moore is born (1986).
Sept. 24th Chou En-lai is born (1976).
Dec: 10th, treaty of Paris between U.S. and Spain by which Spain cedes Cuba, Porto Rico and Guam and also the Philippines, as yet to be conquered, for $20 million.
E. Stanton, The Woman's Bible.
Spanish-American War (1899).

1899
First Hague Peace Conference.
The Boer War.
Baghdad Railway Concession.
John Dewey, School and Society.
Ernst Haeckel, The Riddle of the Universe.
A. Bain, The Realisation of the Possible.
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics (posth.).
James Ward, Naturalism and Agnosticism.
Stefan George, Der Teppich des Lebens.
R. Kipling, Stalky and Co.
L. Tolstoy, Resurrection.
Sep: 6th, John Hay, U.S. Secretary of State, sends 'open door' note to Britain, Germany and Russia against interference in China's treaty ports.
Apr. 22nd Vladimir Nabokov is born (1977).
Apr. 29th Duke Ellington is born (1974).
May 10th Fred Astaire is born (1987).
June 3rd Johann Strauss dies (74).
Aug. 13th Alfred Hitchcock is born (1980).
Aug. 24th Jorge Luis Borges is born (1986).
Revisionist German Social Democrats abandon strict Marxism.
The Philosophical Theory of the State.
Social Reform or Revolution.
T. Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class.

1900
Jun: 5th, Boxer rising in China against Europeans.
Jul: 14th, international expedition, including U.S. and Japan, takes Tientsin, and U.S. secretary of state, John Hay, restates policy of 'open door' in China.
German Civil Law Code in force (Jan. 1st).
Leslie Stephen, The Utilitarians.
Paul Claudel, Discovery of the East.
Henri Bergson, On Laughter.
Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams.
Wilhelm Wundt, Comparative Psychology.
G. Mahler, Fourth Symphony.
G. Puccini, Tosca (pera).
J. Conrad, Lord Jim.
G. B. Shaw publishes Three Plays for Puritans with preface.
L. Tolstoy, The Living Corpses.
Feb. 22nd Luis Bunuel is born (1983).
Mar. 23rd Erich Fromm is born (1980).
Aug. 25th Hans Krebs is born (1981).
Aug. 25th Friedrich Nietzsche dies (56).
Nov. 30th Oscar Wilde dies (44).
Nov: 5th, U.S. presidential election William McKinley, Republican (292 electoral votes), defeats William Jennings Bryan, Democrat (with 155 votes), on an anti-imperialist platform.
August 25: after ten years of insanity and "progressive paralysis," Nietzsche dies in Weimar. August 28: he is buried in the family plot at Rocken.

1901
B. S. Rowntree, Poverty: a study of town life.
Max Planck, Laws of Radiation.
Trans-Siberin Railway reaches Port Arthur.
Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Birth of Capitalism.
S. Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.
Paul Gauguin, The Gold in Their Bodies.
S. Rachmninov, piano concerto no. 2.
H. Caine, The Eternal City.
R. Kipling, Kim.
Thomas Mann, Buddenbrooks.
A. Chekhov, Three Sisters.
Commonwealth of Australia comes into being with Edmund Barton, federalist and protectionist, as prime minister.
Will to Power.

1902
The Varieties of Religious Experience.

1903
Grundgetze der Arithmetik (The Basic Laws of Arithmetic).

1905
Knowledge and Error: Sketches on the Psychology of Enquiry.

1907
Pragmatism, A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking.

1908
Ecce Homo.

1909
A Pluralistic Universe.

1911
Some Problems of Philosophy.
Memories and Studies.

1912
Die Typen der Weltanschauung.
How to Make Our Ideas Clear.
Essays in Radical Empiricism.

1913
The Accumulation of Capital: An Anti-Critique.

1916
The War and the Workers.
Mind and Society.

1918
T. Veblen, The Higher Learning in America.

1930
Wahrheit und Evidenz (The True and the Evident).

By

Daniel Fidel Ferrer.
309-A Park Library
Central Michigan University
Mount Pleasant, MI
48859
U.S.A.

E-mail: Daniel.Ferrer@cmich.edu
Phone: 989-774-2338.