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COOKING DICTIONARY
Adobo- A sauce or paste made from a variety of ingredients that may include chiles, salt, vinegar, garlic, and herbs.
Achiote – Annatto seed paste. A special marinating mix used to give all types of meat Mayan/Mexican flavor. It is presented in red or green paste.
Al dente - Literally, "to the tooth" in Italian. Foods cooked to the point that there is still some resistance; tender, but slightly chewy. Used mostly in reference to pasta, which should be cooked al dente, no softer, for most recipes.
All purpose fluor- An all-around flour that comes either "bleached" or "unbleached". The texture is fine.
Allspice - Native to the Caribbean and South America, these berries are usually sold dry either ground or whole. This spice is similar in taste to a combination of nutmeg, cinnamon and cloves. Anise - A licorice-flavored plant whose seeds and leaves are used to flavor a variety of dishes.
Bacalao - Dried salted cod.
Baine marie ( Baño Maria) – A container placed in heated to gently warm the food within. It is used to prepare delicate items such as custards and mousses.
Baking powder - A leavener that is used to cause breads and cakes to rise.
Baking soda- A leavener, also known as bicarbonate of soda, that is used in breads and cakes. Baking soda can also be used to neutralize the acidity in certain dishes
Beat - To mix thoroughly with a spoon, whisk or beaters until well-combined and very smooth.
Baste - To add moisture, flavor and color to foods by brushing, drizzling or spooning pan juices or other liquids over the food at various times during the cooking process. This is especially essential when cooking with dry heat, such as oven roasting or grilling.
Batter – A liquid dough thin enough to pour.
Blanche - To partially cook food, usually vegetables or fruit, in boiling water or steam. mmediately after blanching, vegetables are usually placed in ice water to stop the cooking and set the color.
Blend - To mix ingredients just until thoroughly combined. Not originally meant to be prepared in a blender, but can be in some recipes.
Boil - To heat liquids until bubbles form on the surface, and then to keep it at that temperature during the cooking process
Bouillon – Dry consommé chicken, beef, shrimp or vegetables. Granulated or in cubes normally used to add flavor to any dish.
Braise- A method of cooking that involves browning meat or vegetables in oil or butter first, then slowly cooking the food in a small amount of liquid. Braising can be done on top of the stove or in an oven, depending on the recipe.
Bread - The process of adding a coating to foods, usually for frying or baking. The food is usually first dipped in flour, then a mixture of egg and water, and finally very fine bread crumbs, corn meal or cracker crumbs. It's a good idea to let the coated food refrigerate for at least 30 minutes before frying to ensure that the coating will stick.
Brine - A water and salt solution used for pickling or preserving.
Broil - A method of cooking where the food is placed directly underneath or above the source of heat.
Brown - Generally, when a recipe says to "brown", it refers to cooking quickly in a hot pan, on the grill or under a broiler until all sides turn golden or brown in color. The purpose is to seal in the juices and add flavor.
Butterfly - A method of cutting meats so that it will lay flat and even. Difficult to describe without visual effects, but the meat is sliced in the center, without going all the way through, and opened to lay flat like the wings of a butterfly. In larger cuts, it is sliced in increments from middle to either side, and the flaps are opened like the pages of a book.
Buttermilk - A sour milk that is made by adding microorganisms to whole milk.
Chop - To cut foods into small pieces. Sizes vary from fine (approximately 1/4-inch pieces) to coarse (approximately 3/4-inch pieces). In most recipes, precision is not necessary.
Clarify - To make a liquid clear, as with butter. Unsalted butter is melted over low heat until the milk solids come to the top. They are then removed.
Capers - Pickled flower buds that originate in the
Caramelize - The process through which natural sugars in foods become browned and flavorful while cooking. This is usually done over a constant heat of low to medium-low. Caramelization can be quickened with the addition of a little sugar. Either way, be careful not to burn.
Casserole - Concoctions of food that are baked in various-sized deep dishes. Usually all the ingredients are mixed together or layered before cooking and topped with cheese.
Castorsugar - Superfine sugar.
Chorizo - Sausage made of beef and pork or pork alone with red pepper and spices. Normally it has to be fried before consumption.
Consomme – Meat or chicken stock which has been enriched, concentrated and clarified.
Coriander - Used in both seed and leaf forms, coriander is used throughout the world for its unique flavoring. Also known as Cilantro.
Coddle - To cook gently just below the boiling point. Most commonly refers to eggs, where the egg is cooked for 1 minute in the shell.
Coulis – A thick puree made with fruit as a sauce for desserts or with vegetables such as tomatoes.
Cream - To beat an ingredient or ingredients with a spoon or beaters until light and fluffy. Most often used in reference to butter or shortening, with or without sugar, in baking recipes
Croutons – Small toasted cubes of bread.
Cube - Cut into squares, size of which is determined by the recipe, generally between 1/2 to 2-inches.
Cut in - to work a solid fat, such as butter, shortening or lard, into dry ingredients. This is accomplished by using a pastry blender, 2 knives, a fork, or even the fingers. Most often, the fat should be chilled first and "cut in" just enough for small lumps about the size of a pea to form.
Dash - If a recipe calls for "a dash" of an ingredient, it is somewhat relative. However, the most accurate amount appears to be 1/16-teaspoon. Basically, you just add the ingredient "in a dash". For example, if it is a dry ingredient, such as a spice, just shakes the box once, assuming there are small holes, and what comes out is it. It's the same with liquid ingredients that come out in drops. Remember, many of those types of ingredients are to taste, so a tiny bit more or less won't matter.
Debone - To remove the bones from meat or poultry. This is best done with a flexible boning knife so that you can get as close to the bone as possible without losing meat. If in doubt, get a good cookbook that shows the process in stages, or watch the cooking shows. Your butcher will also do it for you, but its fun to learn how.
Deep Fry – To fry foods rapidly in a deep pot of oil so that the food is totally submerged. The oil should never come up much more than half way in the pot, and should be a type with a high smoking point.
Deglaze - The process of scraping up all the frond, or browned bits, that collects in the bottom of a pan or skillet after cooking. Liquid is added to the pan and, as it heats up, the bottom is scraped with a spoon or spatula so that the residue is added back into the liquid for lots of extra flavor.
Dice - To cut or chop food into small cubes
Drippings - The juices and fat that is collected from the pan of cooked foods.
Dutch oven - Large deep pots that are covered with a tight-fitting lid.
Emulsify - To bind together liquid ingredients that do not dissolve into each other. Most common is oil into vinegar or citrus juice to make vinaigrette. The oil is poured very slowly into the acid while whisking or blending vigorously, until the mixture is thickened and the liquids become one.
Flake – To break into small pieces with a fork.
Flambe - A method of cooking in which foods are splashed with liquor and ignited.
Fold - To gently mix two or more ingredients together, where one is usually heavier than the other, in order to combine but preserve the texture of each. For example, to combine whipped cream or beaten egg whites with a heavy batter without deflating. First, stir a little of the whipped product into the batter to lighten it. Then add the remainder. Cut through the center with a rubber spatula, move across the bottom of the bowl towards the side, and gently bring up some of the heavy mixture. Continue, turning the bowl slightly each time, until combined. A few streaks of the whipped mixture is acceptable.
Fry - To cook and brown food in a specified amount fat, usually done very quickly so that a minimal amount of the fat is absorbed into the food.
Garam masala - A collection of spices that are used in Indian cooking. There are numerous combinations but the most common include: chilies, coriander, black pepper, mace, nutmeg, cinnamon, and cumin.
Garnish - To enhance finished foods with flavor or visual appeal by using other edible products on the plate. The most common are herbs, but there are many other possibilities including, but not limited to, fruits, small vegetables and edible flowers.
Glaze - The process of dipping or brushing, usually with a sugar-based liquid, to give flavor and a shiny finish to foods, such as roasted or grilled meats, fried pastries or baked goods.
Grate - To rub foods, such as cheeses, vegetables, citrus skins, spices or chocolate, against a grater. Alternately, you can use a processor or mixer blade. Size of grate is dependent upon recipe and/or taste.
Gratin - To brown a dish with grated cheese or bread crumbs in the oven or under the grill.
Grind - To process foods finely in a grinder, processor or with 2 knives (in a drum roll fashion). Some examples are ground beef for hamburgers or ground pork for sausage, but there are preparations other than meats. The advantage of grinding your own is that you can control the texture (from fine to coarse), fat, seasonings and, if it is a concern, bacteria that can form in excessively or improperly handled processed foods. By the same token, be certain you know how to handle the foods safely while grinding.
Hominy – Nixtamal - Raw corn grains white or yellow, soak in chalk or live lime to soften it.
Hummus - A thick paste made from chickpeas and spices.
Irish soda bread - Bread that is leavened with baking soda. Currants are often added.
Italian parsley - Also known as flat-leaf parsley, this plant has a stronger aroma and flavor than the curly-leafed variety.
Jamaica Flowers Dried - Dried Hibiscus flowers, known as jamaica are simmered to make a beautiful, ruby colored tea, sweetened with sugar and served over ice. Hand picked and sun dried,
Julienne - To cut food into thin strips.
Kebab/Kabob - Marinated meat that is skewered and grilled.
Knead - The process of working a dough to activate the gluten, which is the protein in flour that makes the dough cohesive. To knead by hand, place the dough on a lightly floured surface. Using the heel of the hand, press down on the dough in a forward motion. Then fold the dough over and press again. Continue the process until the dough is very smooth and elastic. For most recipes, it will take about 10 minutes. Alternately, the dough may be kneaded in a processor or heavy-duty standing mixer with a dough hook.
Ladyfinger- A finger-shaped sponge cake that is used in various dessert recipes like Tiramisu.
Linguiça - A thin Portuguese sausage flavored with garlic.
Mince - To cut into very fine pieces.
Mix - To combine ingredients with a spoon or beaters until well incorporated
Mace - The outer skin of the nutmeg seed used for flavoring foods.
Macerate - To add liquid to food, or an ingredient, such as sugar, that causes liquid to form, in order to soften and enhance flavor after it sets for a given amount of time. Usually used in reference to fresh fruits.
Marinade - A liquid sauce that is used to soften and flavor meats before cooking. Most marinades contain ingredients like vinegar, oil, lemon, wine, beer, herbs, and spices.
Marinate - To add liquid or dry ingredients to food that enhance flavor and/or tenderize after it sets for a given amount of time. Usually used in reference to meats and vegetables. Liquid marinades often include an acid, such as vinegar, wine or citrus juice, mixed with herbs, spices and oil. Dry marinades are usually in the form of spice and herb rubs.
Marsala - A fortified wine from Italy,
Nutmeg - A spicy and aromatic seed that when grated is used to flavor both desserts and savory dishes.
Okra - Brought to the
Olive oil - The oil that is produced from ripened olives. The highest quality olive oil is Extra Virgin, which is the oil that is pulled from the very first press.
Oregano - An greenish herb that originated in the Mediterranean, oregano is used in a variety of Italian and Mexican dishes. It can be purchased both in dried and fresh forms.
Paella - A dish from
Pan Fry - To brown and cook foods in fat in a shallow pan, where the fat does not completely cover the food.
Paprika - A spice that is made from dried ground sweet red peppers.
Parboil - To partially cook food in boiling water for just a few minutes. Also a kind of rice for the paella.
Pare - To remove skins and peels from fruits or vegetables with a small knife or peeler.
Pat - To take the underside of the hand and gently press a food. The purpose might be to pat dry ingredients onto the surface so they will adhere during cooking, or to pat with a towel to remove excess moisture.
Pinch - As much of an ingredient that can be held between the thumb and forefinger. A very small, approximate amount.
Pit - To remove the seed from a piece of fruit by cutting around the sides of the fruit and pulling the seed away from the flesh.
Poach - To cook food in gently simmering, never boiling, liquid.
Preheat - To heat the oven to the specified temperature before adding the foods. Most recipes require preheating of the oven. Usually it will tell you to place in a cool oven if it should not be preheated.
Proof - To activate yeast, or other leavening agent, before using in a recipe. The yeast is normally added to a liquid, possibly mixed with sugar, and allowed to set a given amount of time until it bubbles. If it doesn't bubble, it is old and should be discarded.
Pulse - An action used with processors and blenders. If a recipe tells you to pulse, turn the start button on and off rapidly several times or until the ingredients are appropriately processed.
Punch Down - To deflate a risen dough. With your hand, press on the dough until the gas escapes.
Puree - To process foods into a smooth substance of varying degrees of thickness as dictated by the recipe. Usually done with a blender, processor, sieve or food mill
Quesadilla - Flour or corn tortillas, filled with cheese, spicy sauce and beans, then folded in half and baked ( on the grill ).
Reconstitute - To add liquid to dehydrated food in order to bring it back to its original form.
Reduce - To boil or simmer liquids in order to reduce its size.
Refresh - To restore by placing in water. Most commonly used in reference to blanched vegetables that are placed immediately in ice water to stop the cooking, set the color and restore the crispness.
Greens and herbs that are still very fresh but have gone limp can be restored to the original state by placing in cold (not ice) water and then patted dry.
Roast - To cook meat or vegetables on an open pan inside an oven.
Saffron - An expensive spice that is pulled from purple crocus flower. It is used in a variety of dishes ( paella) for its aromatic flavoring and deep coloring properties.
Soute- To cook food in oil or butter on a pan over a heat source.
Scald - To heat milk or cream to a temperature just before it boils.
Score - To cut slits into foods before cooking for various purposes, including decoration, ease of cutting after cooking or tenderization. Also, the fat layer of a large cut of meat is often scored so that some of the fat melts out during roasting.
Sear - To cook meats quickly on all sides over high heat to brown and seal in the juices. The meat should not be turned until it is well browned on each side or it will stick to the pan.
Seasoning – To ad flavor with spices or salt to any food or recipe.
Shred - To cut, slice or tear into thin strips. Also, to pull apart very tender cooked meats, usually with a fork.
Sift - To pass a dry ingredient through a sifter, or fine mesh screen, to loosen the particles, incorporate air, and lighten the resulting product. Also, used to combine several ingredients that are passed through at the same time. The same result may be accomplished by using a wire whisk to stir the ingredients in a bowl. If a recipe calls for presifted ingredients, sift first and then measure. If it calls for a certain amount of the ingredient, sifted, measure first.
Simmer - To cook gently just below the boiling point. If the food starts boiling, the heat is too high and should be reduced.
Skim - To remove an undesirable substance that forms on the top surface of a liquid, usually fat, foam or scum. This is normally done by passing a flat spoon over the surface, just underneath the substance to discard. In the case of fat, if you have the time, chill the liquid first so that the fat congeals, making it very easy to remove.
Steam - A method of cooking foods over, not in, hot liquid, usually water. The heat cooks the food while the vapors keep it moist. Steaming is a good alternative to boiling because none of the nutrients or flavor is lost in the liquid.
Steep - To soak a food in liquid for a given amount of time. Sometimes, the liquid is hot, as in tea. Other times, as with macerated fruit, the liquid is cold or room temperature.
Stew - To cook foods slowly in a specified amount of liquid in a covered pot or pan.
Stir - To move foods around with a spoon in a circular motion. Stirring is done to move foods when cooking. It is also used to cool foods after cooking. Most importantly, if a recipes calls for stirring to combine foods, such as a batter, before cooking, it usually means to gently mix just until well combined, as opposed to beating, which takes more strokes.
Stir-fry - To quickly cook foods over high or medium-high heat in a lightly oiled skillet or wok, stirring or tossing constantly, until desired or specified doneness.
Strain - To pass a liquid or moist mixture through a colander, sieve or cheese cloth to remove solid particles.
Sweat - To cook foods, usually chopped vegetables, over medium heat until they exude some of their moisture which, in turn, steams and softens the food without browning.
Tamarind - A sweet and sour fruit that is used in Indian cooking as well as Worcestershire sauce.
Temper - Technically, to moderate. In cooking, tempering most often refers to slightly warming beaten eggs, by rapidly stirring a little of the hot ingredients into them, before adding them to the hot mixture so that they will combine, stirring rapidly again, without solidifying. It also refers to the softening of a heavy mixture before folding in a whipped mixture, so that incorporation occurs without deflation.
Toast - Most commonly, to brown using a dry heat source such as an oven or toaster. However, many recipes call for toasting seeds, nuts, grains or spices before mixing with other ingredients to add flavor. They may be toasted in an oven or in a skillet, with or without oil, using a low heat, stirring or tossing often, until nicely browned, being very careful not to burn.
Toss - To combine ingredients by gently turning over until until blended. Most commonly refers to a salad, but is used for many other preparations. The easiest and most efficient way to toss is with a good pair of tongs. Alternately, two spoons, forks or one of each may be used.
Truss - To shape food into a desired form and secure with butcher's twine or skewers. Most commonly used with poultry or meats. In the case of poultry, it is questionable whether or not it should be trussed because, although it gives a nice look to the bird after cooking, the breast tends to cook faster than the legs, thighs and wings.
Vinaigrette - A simple mixture of oil and vinegar with the addition of herbs and spices.
Whip - To beat briskly with a wire whisk or electric mixer to incorporate air, which in turn adds volume. Usually used in reference to cream or egg whites. To whip cream, which has fat, always chill the bowl, beaters and cream first. Egg whites, which are mostly water, should be whipped at room temperature.
Whisk - To mix to the specified state with a wire beater, also called a whisk. Whisking can refer to blending, beating, emulsifying, or whipping, depending on the recipe.
Whisk - A utensil that is made from looped wires for the purpose of mixing or blending ingredients into a smooth consistency.