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New Information Theory:
Quantum Entanglement |
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New Information Theory: Quantum Entanglement. Just when everyday people thought they were understanding the most complicated theory for todays man, meaning Quantum Field Theory, a new process has become the new coffee table discussion. This is know as the new information theory, everyone knows as Quantum Entaglement Theory. This processes is invaluable because it has let to instantaneous transmission of information across space and time. But is it real? Einstein betted it was not, and so far he has lost that bet. How does quantum entanglement work?
Quantum mechanics holds that observables, for example, spin are indeterminate until such time as some physical intervention is made to measure the obervable of the object in question. In the singlet state of two spins it is equally likely that any given particle will be observed to be spin-up as that it will be spin-down. Measuring any number of particles will result in an unpredictable series of measures that will tend more and more closely to half up and half down. However, if this experiment is done with entangled particles the results are quite different. For example, when two members of an entangled pair are measured, their spin measurement results will be correlated. Two (out of infinitely many) possibilities are that the spins will be found to always have opposite spins (in the spin anti-correlated case), or that they will always have the same spin (in the spin correlated case). Measuring one member of the pair therefore tells you what spin the other member would have if it were also measured. The distance between the two particles is irrelevant. Want to know more? Here is a list of leading text on the subject of quantum entanglement. I give a discription and publishers information to aid in locating a copy of them. |
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Title:The age of entanglement : when quantum physics was reborn |
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by: Gilder, Louisa. pub: New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 2008. Edition: 1st ed. Description: xvi, 443 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. Bibliography Includes bibliographical references (p. 409-416) and index. Summary: An exploration of the seemingly telepathic communication between two separated particles--one of the fundamental concepts of quantum physics. In 1935, Einstein showed that quantum mechanics predicted such a correlation, which he dubbed "spooky action at a distance." That same year, Erwin Schrödinger christened this correlation "entanglement." Yet its existence wasn't firmly established until 1964, in a groundbreaking paper by Irish physicist John Bell. What happened during those years and since to refine the understanding of this phenomenon is the story told here. Drawing on papers, letters, and memoirs, author Gilder humanizes and dramatizes the story by employing their own words in imagined face-to-face dialogues. We see Bohr and Einstein clashing, and Heisenberg and Pauli deciding which mysteries to pursue. We see Schrödinger and Louis de Broglie pave the way for Bell, whose work is here given a long-overdue revisiting. And we see Richard Feynman challenging his contemporaries to make something of this entanglement.--From publisher description. Subject: Quantum theory ISBN: 9781400044177 |
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Title:The universe and the atom |
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by: Lichtenberg, D. B. (Don Bernett), 1928- pub: Singapore ; Hackensack, N.J. : World Scientific, c2007. Edition: 1st ed. Description: xvi, 443 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references (p. 409-416) and index. Summary: An exploration of the seemingly telepathic communication between two separated particles--one of the fundamental concepts of quantum physics. In 1935, Einstein showed that quantum mechanics predicted such a correlation, which he dubbed "spooky action at a distance." That same year, Erwin Schrödinger christened this correlation "entanglement." Yet its existence wasn't firmly established until 1964, in a groundbreaking paper by Irish physicist John Bell. What happened during those years and since to refine the understanding of this phenomenon is the story told here. Drawing on papers, letters, and memoirs, author Gilder humanizes and dramatizes the story by employing their own words in imagined face-to-face dialogues. We see Bohr and Einstein clashing, and Heisenberg and Pauli deciding which mysteries to pursue. We see Schrödinger and Louis de Broglie pave the way for Bell, whose work is here given a long-overdue revisiting. And we see Richard Feynman challenging his contemporaries to make something of this entanglement.--From publisher description. Subject: Quantum theory ISBN: 9781400044177 |
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Title:The age of entanglement : when quantum physics was reborn |
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Quantum physics : a first encounter : interference, entanglement, and reality
by: Scarani, Valerio. pub: Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2006. Description xvii, 125 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index. Translated from the French. Summary: Quantum physics is often perceive as a weird and abstract theory, which physicists must use in order to make correct predictions. But many recent experiments have shown that the weirdness of the theory simply mirrors the weirdness of phenomena: it is Nature itself, and not only our descriptions of it that behaves in an astonishing way. This book selects those, among these typical quantum phenomena, whose rigorous description requires neither the formalism, not an important background in physics. The first part of the book deals with the phenomenon of single-particle interference, covering the historical questions of wave-particle duality, objective randomness and the boundary between the quantum and the classical world, but also the recent idea of quantum cryptography. The second part introduces the modern theme of entanglement, by presenting two-particle interference phenomena and discussing Bell's inequalities. A concise review of the main interpretations of quantum physics is provided. Subject: Quantum theory ISBN: 0198570473 |
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Title:The geometric universe : science, geometry, and the work of Roger Penrose |
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by: Penrose, Roger. pub: Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, c1998. Description xviii, 431 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Bibliography Includes bibliographical references. summary: This collection has been inspired by the work of Roger Penrose. It gives an overview of current work on the interaction between geometry and physics, from which many important developments in research have emerged. This volume collects together the contributions of many important researchers, including Sir Roger himself, and gives an overview of the many applications of geometrical ideas and techniques across mathematics and the physical sciences. From the area of pure mathematics papers are included on the topics of classical differential geometry and non-commutative geometry, knot invariants, and the applications of gauge theory. Contributions from applied mathematics cover the topics of integrable systems and general relativity. Current research in experimental and theoretical physics inspired chapters on string theory, quantum gravity, the foundations of quantum mechanics, quasi-crystals and astrophysics. The collection also includes articles on quantum computation, quantum cryptography and the possible role of micro-tubules in a theory of consciousness. Contents: Roger Penrose : a personal appreciation / Michael Atiyah -- Hypercomplex manifolds and the space of framings / Nigel Hitchin -- Gauge theory in higher dimensions / S.K. Donaldson and R.P. Thomas -- Noncommutative differential geometry and the structure of space-time / Alain Connes -- Einstein's equation and conformal structure / Helmut Friedrich -- Twistors, geometry, and integrable systems / R.S. Ward -- On four-dimensional Einstein manifolds / Claude LeBrun -- Loss of information in black holes / Stephen Hawking -- Funda-mental geometry : the Penrose-Hameroff "Orch OR" model of consciousness / Stuart Hameroff -- Implications of transience for spacetime structure / Abner Shimony -- Geometric issues in quantum gravity / Abhay Ashtekar -- From quantum code-making to quantum code-breaking / Artur Ekert -- Penrose tilings and quasicrystals revisited / Paul J. Steinhardt -- Decaying neutrinos and the geometry of the universe / D.W. Sciama -- Quantum geometric origin of all forces in string theory / Gabriele Veneziano -- Space from the point of view of loop groups / Graeme Segal -- The twistor diagram programme / Andrew P. Hodges -- Geometric models for quantum statistical inference / Dorje C. Brody and Lane P. Hughston -- Spin networks and topology / Louis H. Kauffman -- The physics of spin networks / Lee Smolin -- The Sen conjecture for distinct fundamental monopoles / Gary Gibbons -- An unorthodox view of GR via characteristic surfaces / Simonetta Frittelli, E.T. Newman, and Carlos Kozameh -- Amalgamated Codazzi-Raychaudhuri identity for foliation / Brandon Carter -- Abstract/virtual/reality/complexity / George Sparling -- Interaction-free measurements / Lev Vaidman -- Quantum measurement problem and the gravitational field / Jeeva Anandan -- Entanglement and quantum computation / Richard Jozsa -- Penrose transform for flag domains / Simon Gindikin -- Twistor solution of the holonomy problem / S.A. Merkulov and L.J. Schwachhöfer -- The Penrose transform and real integral geometry / Toby N. Bailey -- Pythagorean spinors and Penrose twistors / Andrzej Trautman -- Afterword / Roger Penrose. Subject: Geometry. Mathematical physics. ISBN: 0198500599 |
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Title:The Feynman processor : quantum entanglement and the computing revolution |
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Milburn, G. J. (Gerard J.) Reading, Mass. : Perseus Books, 1998. Description: xiv, 213 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. Summary: Quantum computing, the reduction of computing elements to sizes far smaller than that of present-day chips, down to the size of individual atoms, presents new problems, problems on the quantum level. But thanks to new discoveries by Gerard Milburn and other cutting-edge scientists, quantum computing is about to become a reality. In this book, the first one for the general public to explain the scientific ideas behind concepts seen before only in science fiction, physicist Milburn brings us the exciting world of phenomena of entanglement, where particles can be in two places at the same time, where matter on the quantum level can be teleported à la Star Trek's famous Transporter; and where cryptographers can construct fundamentally unbreakable computer codes. Although other books and magazine articles have dealt with some of the subjects in this book, this is the first book for the layman to deal specifically with quantum computing, an area pioneered by the great physicist Richard Feynman, who first posed the challenge to scientists to devise the smallest, fastest computer elements, to take us to the absolute physical limits of computers. This book promises to both astound and educate every reader eager to keep abreast of the latest breakthroughs in physics and computers. Subject: Feynman, Richard Phillips. Quantum theory. Electronic data processing. ISBN: 0738200166 |
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Title:Einstein : his life and universe |
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by: Isaacson, Walter. pub: New York : Simon & Schuster, c2007. Description xxii, 675, [16] p. of plates : ill. ; 25 cm. Bibliography Includes bibliographical references (p. 553-564) and index. Contents: The light-beam rider -- Childhood, 1879-1896 -- The Zurich Polytechnic, 1896-1900 -- The lovers, 1900-1904 -- The miracle year: quanta and molecules, 1905 -- Special relativity, 1905 -- The happiest thought, 1906-1909 -- The wandering professor, 1909-1914 -- General relativity, 1911-1915 -- Divorce, 1916-1919 -- Einstein's universe, 1916-1919 -- Fame, 1919 -- The wandering Zionist, 1920-1921 -- Nobel laureate, 1921-1927 -- Unified field theories, 1923-1931 -- Turning fifty, 1929-1931 -- Einstein's God -- The refugee, 1932-1933 -- America, 1933-1939 -- Quantum entanglement, 1935 -- The bomb, 1939-1945 -- One-worlder, 1945-1948 -- Landmark, 1948-1953 -- Red scare, 1951-1954 -- The end, 1955 -- Epilogue: Einstein's brain and Einstein's mind. Summary: The first full biography of Albert Einstein since all of his papers have become available shows how his scientific imagination sprang from the rebellious nature of his personality. Biographer Isaacson explores how an imaginative, impertinent patent clerk--a struggling father in a difficult marriage who couldn't get a teaching job or a doctorate--became the locksmith of the mysteries of the atom and the universe. His success came from questioning conventional wisdom and marveling at mysteries that struck others as mundane. This led him to embrace a morality and politics based on respect for free minds, free spirits, and free individuals. These traits are just as vital for this new century of globalization, in which our success will depend on our creativity, as they were for the beginning of the last century, when Einstein helped usher in the modern age.--From publisher description. Subject: Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955. Unified field theories. ISBN: 9780743264730 |
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Title:Quantum physics : a first encounter : interference, entanglement, and reality |
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by: Scarani, Valerio. pub: Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2006. Description: xvii, 125 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. Summary: Quantum physics is often perceive as a weird and abstract theory, which physicists must use in order to make correct predictions. But many recent experiments have shown that the weirdness of the theory simply mirrors the weirdness of phenomena: it is Nature itself, and not only our descriptions of it that behaves in an astonishing way. This book selects those, among these typical quantum phenomena, whose rigorous description requires neither the formalism, not an important background in physics. The first part of the book deals with the phenomenon of single-particle interference, covering the historical questions of wave-particle duality, objective randomness and the boundary between the quantum and the classical world, but also the recent idea of quantum cryptography. The second part introduces the modern theme of entanglement, by presenting two-particle interference phenomena and discussing Bell's inequalities. A concise review of the main interpretations of quantum physics is provided. Subject: Quantum theory. ISBN: 0198570473 |
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Title:The God effect : quantum entanglement, science's strangest phenomenon |
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by: Clegg, Brian. pub: New York : St. Martin's Press, 2006. Edition: 1st ed. Description: x, 269 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. Summary: Science writer Clegg (A Brief History of Infinity), discussing the field of quantum mechanics, asserts that "[the] very experiment takes us a step closer to realizing just how strange the world is at the quantum level." Quantum entanglement is the oddest of them all. As Clegg explains it, entanglement occurs when two particles (photons, atoms, electrons, etc.) become so intensely linked together that for all intents and purposes they become part of one unit. The mystifying thing is that this link continues even if the two particles are in different parts of the universe: "Make a change to one particle, and that change is instantly reflected in the other(s)—however far apart they may be." Clegg does an excellent job of explaining this complex situation in nontechnical terms; he details the many experiments that have consistently suggested that entanglement is real. The implications for future technological advances are huge, and Clegg is at his finest as he embeds potential advances in a broad historical context. Data could be encrypted in unbreakable codes; computers could become thousands of times more powerful than today; objects, and maybe even living organisms, could be instantaneously transported. While highly speculative, these possibilities could change our notion of reality. Subject: Physics ISBN: 0312343418 |
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Title:Entanglement : the greatest mystery in physics |
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by: Aczel, Amir D. pub: New York : Four Walls Eight Windows, 2001. Description: xviii, 284 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. Summary: "Entanglement" is one of the more remarkable aspects of quantum mechanics, a field that has produced a number of counterintuitive phenomena. Entangled particles are created in the same process and retain a connection even if they become far separated physically. If a change is later imposed on one of these particles, then there instantaneously occurs a change with its entangled partner, even if that partner is very far away in another part of the universe. Thus, the news of the change is transmitted with infinite velocity by an unknown means. Einstein aptly referred to this phenomenon as "spooky." In recent decades, researchers have shown entanglement to be a physical fact, thereby vindicating quantum mechanics, spooky though it may be. Aczel (Fermat's Last Theorem) tells most of this story at a pace that is slow enough and understandable for lay readers, but the last few chapters are more technical. Some sections read awkwardly and would have benefited from better editing, but on the whole this is recommended for college and large public libraries. Subject: Quantum theory. ISBN: 1568582323 |
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Title:The physics of quantum information : quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation, quantum computation |
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edited: Dirk Bouwmeester, Artur Ekert, Anton Zeilinger pub: Berlin ; New York : Springer, c2000. Description: xvi, 314 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Summary: "This volume covers Quantum Cryptography Quantum Teleportation and Quantum Computation. The book presents clearly the fundamental concepts, amply illustrated with theoretical calculations and descriptions of experimental work. Consequently, this is a first-class primer, pitched at a level suitable for honours students or above. The first section, dealing with Quantum Cryptography, discusses the possibility of secure exchange of key material via entangled states in quantum channels. The presentation makes it clear that quantum key exchange, using quantum indeterminacy to test for an eavesdropper, offers genuine security. The discussion of experimental realisations suggests that this will be a practical technology in the not too distant future. The next chapter is on Quantum "teleportation", the transfer of a quantum state to an entangled system at another location. This chapter includes a discussion of a number of elegant experiments. Much of the book is devoted to Quantum Computing. An introduction introduces the qubit (quantum bit) and quantum logic gates, followed by a very clear exposition of quantum algorithms, and their speed advantages over classical algorithms. The presentation then moves to the practicalities of building a quantum computer. Decoherence, a formidable challenge, is covered at length. There is a tendency in some writings to understate the difficulties that decoherence might present, but here the discussion is clear and balanced. The authors then move to potential solutions; quantum error correction and entanglement purification. Finally, this book has a very good index and an extensive bibliography. Unreservedly recommended, and deserving of a place in any Physics library." Subject: Quantum computers. ISBN: 3540667784 |
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