Thai Internet Reporters Association

 

FACT MONITORS MICT! They LIE! Secret May blocklist posted

 Freedom Against Censorship Thailand (FACT) has just downloaded the most current, official, secret blocklist from the servers at Thailand’s Ministry of Information and Communication Technology and posted it to FACT’s website.

 MICT has relied on Thai ISPs to block the Web at its “request” but has now changed tactics to block directly at Thailand’s four Internet gateways: Communications Authority of Thailand (CAT), Telephone Organisation of Thailand (TOT), True Internet and Buddy Broadband.

 In part, this change may have been effected because FACT makes MICT’s secret blocklists public and MICT was trying to plug the leak. (Didn’t work!) In any event, blocking at the gateways does ensure MICT more comprehensive control over censorship.

 MICT’s May 28, 2007 blocklist includes 11,329 websites banned in Thailand from an overall total of 17,793. This is an increase of 90 political websites over April.

 January 2004 - 1,247

May 2006 - 2,328

October 2006 - 2,475

January 2007 - 13,435

March 2007 - 10,885

April 2007 - 11,239

 May 2007 - 11,329

 January 2004 was the last blocklist made public by MICT. The original number of sites nearly doubled by May 2006 but never achieved the numbers the censors had wet dreams about: Thaksin, 2005: “800,000″; MICT, 2006: “10,000″.

 That is, until Thailand’s military coup d’etat on September 19, 2006. The fifth official order of the coup leader on the day after the coup was to censor the Internet. This action speaks loudly about the weight of strategic importance in the shaping of public opinion he placed on the availability of information on the ‘net.

 The junta also appointed Dr. Sitthichai Pokaiyaudom “Official Censor of the Military Coup” as Minister of Information and Communication Technology. The coup leaders were busy so there wasn’t much of a rise in October 2007 but the numbers jumped more than 500% by January 2007! The military censors had finally bested Thaksin at something!

 Although the numbers dropped somewhat by March 2007, this appears to be MICT eliminating duplication on its list. However, the March figure still represents a more than 400% increase over October and May higher still. One need only compare the numbers from May 2006 (2,328) to May 2007 (11,329).

 In May 2007 these figures had risen by only 90 new websites blocked in one month but all of the new sites blocked were political in nature. Anti-coup websites, pro-Thaksin websites, newly-uncovered anonymous proxies, plus all the usual suspects from past blocklists were censored.

 The ICT Minister, Dr. Sitthichai Pokaiyaudom, has been variously quoted in the Thai press making various statements that, since coming to office in October 2006 as “Official Censor of the Military Coup”, his Ministry has blocked “only two”, “five”, “about a dozen” websites.

 More recently, the Official Censor has been quoted as saying he’s blocked “not over 20 websites” (Thai Rath: May 29, 2007), “only around 30, all of which were pornographic” (Bangkok Post: May 30, 2007) which censorship Dr. Sitthichai comments is “not as severe a violation of human rights” as blocking done under the Thaksin government!

 However, the Minister goes on to say, he certainly has not been responsible for blocking “13,000 websites” which he blames on the previous administration, accusing it of being “many times more of a dictator“, presumably in comparison with himself! (Thai Rath: May 29, 2007)

 Fine…except that the previous government blocked 2,400 sites at the top of its game. MICT’s most recent blocklist, downloaded from their website, consists of 11,329 sites with MICT’s own numbering system all the way up to 17,793.

 FACT believes the difference in these numbers indicates websites which were blocked and then were taken off the blocklists for various reasons such as the website being removed or MICT realising it was blocked in error. A website blocked for 10 seconds inadvertently or in error is still censorship.

 (Dr. Sitthichai may also have overlooked YouTube; not only is the entire domain still blocked by MICT but so also are 75 separate pages within that domain, just to make extra sure! Not two, not five, not a dozen, not even 20 or 30. Dr. Sitthichai has already claimed credit for blocking YouTube so it is inescapable that these 75 pages were blocked on his watch.)

 The Minister also states that he expects not to block more than “60″ websites before the term of the coup government expires (Thai Rath: May 29, 2007). Now we’re laughing until we are crying! Mr. Minister, what about the 90 websites MICT blocked in May alone or the 9,000 between October and January?!?

 Other Ministry officials have told a team of human rights lawyers from Harvard University’s Berkman Center for Internet and Society investigating Internet censorship in Thailand that MICT blocks “around 2,000″ websites on January 11, the very day FACT downloaded a copy of MICT’s secret blocklist of 13,435 blocked sites from MICT’s own servers.

 Later that month, on January 26, the same MICT official told the National Human Rights Commission of Thailand that MICT blocks “around 50″ websites.

 So which is it? MICT’s own blocklists don’t lie but it seems their bureaucrats do. This attitude of impunity is more than just simple government obfuscation or bureaucratic confusion. It is even more serious than a smoke-and-mirrors, laissez-faire approach to the truth.

 The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology is, in fact, engaged in deliberate deception of the Thai public and the manipulation of public opinion for political gain.

 If you find the discrepancy of these numbers astounding, incredible and unbelievable (and who wouldn’t!), you can try a simple experiment on any computer in Thailand: pick any website from the blocklist (available online at <http://facthai.wordpress.com/data> or just click on the bold, red “MICT SECRET BLOCKLIST” on FACT’s front page) and try to access it. If you can’t, MICT lies.

 Even the Royal Thai Police, the Thai Webmasters Association and Thai ISPs support MICT releasing their criteria for blocking websites at the very least, which they refuse to do. When government hides behind a veil of absolute deniability and lies about it in the face of documentary evidence, one wonders what else they might be hiding.

 MICT’s blocklist may well be interpreted as constituting a “set of illegal instructions” under Thailand’s new cybercrime law. FACT agrees that MICT’s blocklist is indeed a “set of illegal instructions” because Internet censorship is illegal in Thailand.

 No Thai law, past, present or under consideration, permits Internet blocking. In fact, a decree of the Council of State and ruling by the Administrative Court found no legal basis for Internet censorship.

 The new cybercrime law doesn’t change that status quo. There is no mention of censorship in the new law.

 The 1997 Constitution was repealed by coup. However, the Constitution remains the foundation of all Thai law until it is replaced. Internet censorship violates at least four articles in our Constitution.

 Furthermore, Internet censorship is in violation of international agreements. Freedom of expression is guaranteed as a basic human right under Article 19 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights to which Thailand is a signatory state. In fact, free speech is the cornerstone of democracy.

 Nevertheless, the Ministry continues to block websites, an action both criminal and unConstitutional. MICT continues with its goal of thought control and the manipulation of public opinion by restricting public access to information.

 People only lie with the knowledge that they’re doing wrong.

 Freedom Against Censorship Thailand (FACT) considers the nature of the 90 websites blocked from April to May to be most revealing of MICT’s hidden political agenda.

 Of course, MICT is not Thailand’s only censor. Far worse is the Royal Thai Police which, in November 2006, when they last published these statistics, was blocking 32,500 websites. It is inconceivable that this figure has decreased. FACT can say with accuracy that Thai government agencies are blocking nearly 50,000 websites.

 The military coup and its government have turned the Internet into a battleground in Thailand. Thai people have basic human rights and civil liberties which cannot be suppressed by dictatorship. Free speech, free expression, free media, free opinions, freedom of thought and ideas. Freedom of knowledge. Freedom. Thai means free. How dare they!

 Censorship is obscene. Censorship is dictatorship. Censorship is terrorism.

NO COMPROMISE! NO CENSORSHIP

 

FACT Constitutional Proposals

[Jump to the Proposals] [¢éÍàʹÍá¹ÐÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒÃÃèÒ§ÃÑ°¸ÃÃÁ¹Ù­ (ÀÒÉÒä·Â)]

We have been campaigning on free speech, human rights and anti-censorship issues since Internet blocking began to impact my academic research.

 The ICT Ministry was founded under the previous government but censorship has gotten much worse since September 19 when Dr. Sitthichai Pokaiudom was appointed The Official Censor of the Military Coup. In fact, MICT web-blocking has jumped more than 500% since October, all done outside the law. All these details are on our website

( http://facthai.wordpress.com/data/ ).

 This censorship has caused us to do a lot of thinking over Constitutional issues. Though we have a “Constitutional vacuum” at present, the 1997 Constitution remains the foundation of Thai law until it is replaced. Our opinion is that the 1997 Constitution was a good beginning and enshrined many rights and liberties.

We certainly cannot afford to go backwards at this late date. At the very least, almost all of Chapter 3 must be retained. In particular, Section 37 (which includes the Internet, of course), 39, 41, 42, 45, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, all of which do a great deal to protect free speech.

In addition, we suggest adding a section specifically prohibiting all censorship in Thailand. This would go a long way toward protecting academic, press, publishing and Internet freedoms, freedom of thought, freedom of ideas.

The time is long past when government should be treating Thai people as children or believe that any opinion is too dangerous for Thai society.

Only with a public fully-informed by having access to ALL opinions and information, will we progress to be a mature and intelligent society.

Please consider our input to the Constitutional drafting process.

We are available for questioning, clarification or a presentation to the Committee at any time.

 Thank you.

 

Yours sincerely,

 

CJ Hinke

 

FACT - Freedom Against Censorship Thailand

¡ÅØèÁàÊÃÕÀÒ¾µè͵éÒ¹¡ÒÃà«ç¹à«ÍÃìáË觻ÃÐà·Èä·Â

 

The telecom minister who doesn’t use e-mail–IHT

June 12th, 2007

[FACT comments: Any comment would be clearly superfluous!]

 

The telecom minister who doesn’t use e-mail

by Thomas Fuller, International Herald-Tribune, June 11, 2007

BANGKOK: As Sitthichai Pookaiyaudom enters the twilight of a long and distinguished career, it turns out that it was not his numerous inventions that produced the biggest headlines — the rice milling machine, the meter for Bangkok taxis or the suicide device he may use if struck by an incurable disease. Nor was it the university he founded in Bangkok that got people chattering about him.

On April 4, Sitthichai, the telecommunications minister in the military- appointed Thai government, blocked access to YouTube, the popular video- sharing Web site. More than anything else, this got the phones ringing in his spare but expansive office in northern Bangkok.

 Sitthichai is not sure what all the fuss is about.

“YouTube is not a very essential Web site,” he said casually as he puffed a cigar during an interview. “Is it?”

Blocked because users had posted videos denigrating Thailand’s king, Bhumibol Adulyadej, YouTube remains inaccessible here and Sitthichai, 58, makes few apologies. In fact he offers a startlingly honest admission: The Internet is not really his thing. Occasionally he logs on to read up on Tiger Woods’s golf scores. But the Web does not excite him too much and e-mail he finds unnecessary.

“I’m old-fashioned,” said Sitthichai, clearly aware that this was not the script a minister charged with overseeing the telecommunications industry is supposed to follow. “I don’t like to type. I just like to talk.”

Irreverent and eccentric, Sitthichai embodies the quirky spirit of the junta that seized power in the September military coup.

The term junta evokes images of aging generals in starched pea-green military uniforms reading out typewritten decrees and brooking little dissent. Yet nine months after the coup, the Thai junta is something quite different, a colorful and cacophonous group that never quite seems to sing from the same song sheet.

Early this year the health minister created an international uproar by rescinding international pharmaceutical patents, but he forgot to inform the cabinet beforehand. At around the same time, the prime minister hired an economic adviser from the old regime but fired him 10 days later after a clash with the finance minister, who also eventually resigned. And last week the junta leader apologized after making the unpopular suggestion that the people he overthrew be granted an amnesty from a court-imposed ban on political activity. “Basically we are not politicians,” Sitthichai said of the government. “I think we have different approaches to life.”

Sitthichai does not seem perfectly suited for his current job in at least one respect. The generals have given him the responsibility of monitoring the Internet and shutting Web sites that he deems threats to national security, a category that somehow includes pornography and insults to the monarchy.

“I’m sick of people trying to get me to close down Web sites,” he said.

A free thinker, Sitthichai is a clear source of heartburn for his public relations team.

During the interview he made it known that he disagreed in principle with the international patent system. The world would be much better off if inventors like him published their innovations and shared them freely, he feels.

He contradicted the longstanding Thai government policy of restricting foreign ownership of land, arguing that foreigners should be able to buy as much real estate as they wanted.

But it was only when he began discussing his death machine that his media handler could no longer hold back.

“I told him not to bring up this issue!” the aide interrupted.

[Courtesy Dr. Charnvit Kasetsiri]

 ¤Ó¶ÒÁà¡ÕèÂǡѺÊ×èÍ·Õè´ÕáÅÐÊ×èÍ·ÕèàÅÇä´é¶Ù¡Í͡Ẻ¢Öé¹ÁÒà¾×èÍà¼ÂãËéàË繶֧ÇÔ¶Õ·Ò§·Õè¢Ñ´áÂ駡ѹ«Öè§àÃÒ¤Ô´à¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧÊ×èÍ áÅÐÇÔ¶Õ·Ò§·ÕèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹·ÕèÊ×èͶ١¹Óä»ãªé. ÁѹÍÒ¨ªÕéãËéàË繶֧¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§Ê×èÍÇèÒ Ê×èÍÍÒ¨¶Ù¡¹Óä»ãªéã¹Êѧ¤ÁÍÂèÒ§äà ¡ÒÃãªéÈÑ¡ÂÀÒ¾¢Í§¾Ç¡Áѹ (their potential use) áÅоǡÁѹ¶Ù¡¹Óä»ãªéã¹Êѧ¤ÁÍÂèÒ§äà (¡ÒÃãªé¨ÃÔ§¢Í§¾Ç¡Áѹ - their actual use).¾ÅѧÈÑ¡ÂÀÒ¾Íѹ¹Õé¢Í§Ê×èÍ áÅÐÃÐàºÕº¡®à¡³±ì¢Í§¾Ç¡ÁѹáÅСÒäǺ¤ØÁ à»ç¹àÃ×èͧ·Õè¹èÒàÍÒã¨ãÊè·ÕèÊӤѭÍѹ˹Öè§ÊÓËÃѺÊѧ¤ÁÃèÇÁÊÁÑÂ

 »ÃÐà´ç¹·Õèáºè§à»ç¹¢éÍæ ¢éÒ§ÅèÒ§¹Õé¨Ðà»ç¹¡ÒùÓàʹͶ֧¢éÍÊѹ¹ÔÉ°Ò¹·ÕèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹â´Â·ÑèÇä»ÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒÃʹѺʹعáÅСÒõè͵éÒ¹Ê×èÍ ·Ñé§ËÁ´¹Ñé¹ä´éºÃèؤÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§ºÒ§ÍÂèÒ§ áÅÐà¹é¹¤ÇÒÁà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧÁÒ¡ÁÒÂà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¤ÇÒÁ¡Ñ§ÇÅ㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒàÃ×èͧÊ×èÍ (media studies) àÍÒäÇé

 ½èÒÂʹѺʹعÊ×èÍ

 

1. ·ÔÇá¶ÇÍѹÂÒÇàËÂÕ´à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¢éÍÁÙÅàªÔ§ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ áÅФÇÒÁºÑ¹à·Ô§ã¹Ê×èÍ ä´éªèÇÂʹѺʹعµèÍ¡ÒþѲ¹Ò·Ò§´éÒ¹¤ÇÒÁÃÙé¢Í§»ÃЪҪ¹ ¼Ù餹µèÒ§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÃÙéáÅÐä´éÃѺÃѺ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ·Õè´Õ¢Öé¹â´Â¼èÒ¹Ê×èÍÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ·Õèà¤Âà»ç¹ÁÒ¡è͹

 

2. Ê×èÍÊÒÁÒö·Õè¨ÐãËéáçºÑ¹´ÒÅã¨áÅоѲ¹ÒàÃÒä´é ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹ÕéÂѧ¡ÃеØé¹Ê¹ÑºÊ¹Ø¹àÃÒÍÂèÒ§á¢ç§¢Ñ¹ãËé¡ÃзÓÊÔè§ãËÁèæ 㹪ÕÇÔµ¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹ÍÂÙè¢Í§¾Ç¡àÃÒ

 

3. Ê×èÍä´éªèÇÂàÃÒÊÓÃǨáÅоѲ¹Ò¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨à¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧà¾ÈáÅФÇÒÁÃعáç â´ÂÇÒ´ÀÒ¾ËÃ×;Ãó¹ÒãËéàË繶֧·Ñȹ¤µÔ·Ò§Êѧ¤Á áÅÐàª×éÍàªÔ­ãËéàÃÒÇÔ¾Ò¡ÉìÇÔ¨Òóì¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁ·ÕèáÊ´§ÍÍ¡ÁÒãËéàËç¹

 

4. Ê×èÍà»ç¹àÃ×èͧà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§áÅÐà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§¡ÒÃãËé¤ÇÒÁÃÙé¢èÒÇÊÒà ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹ÕéÂѧÁÕÊèǹªèÇÂÊè§àÊÃÔÁʹѺʹع·ÕèÊӤѭµèͤÇÒÁà¢éÒ㨷ҧÊѧ¤ÁáÅлÃЪҸԻäµÂ Áѹà»ç¹Ë¹éÒµèÒ§âÅ¡ºÒ¹Ë¹Öè§ÊÓËÃѺàÃÒ

 

5. Ê×èÍà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§»ÃЪҸԻäµÂ ÂÔ¹ÂÍÁãËé·Ø¡æ¤¹ÁÕÊÔ·¸ÔìÁÕàÊÕ§ã¹âš㺹Õé

 

6. Ê×èÍ·ÓãËéàÃÒÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´áÅоٴä´éÍÂèÒ§ÍÔÊÃÐáÅÐà¼Âá¾ÃèÊÔè§àËÅèÒ¹ÕéãËé¡ÃШÒÂÍÍ¡ä»

 

7. Ê×èÍä´éÂè¹ÂèÍâš㺹Õéŧ ·ÓãËé¾Ç¡àÃÒÃÇÁµÑǡѹáÅзÓãËéàÃÒ·Ñé§ËÅÒÂÁÒã¡ÅéªÔ´¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ Áѹä´éÁÕÊèǹÊÃéÒ§ÊÃäìËÁÙèºéÒ¹âÅ¡ (global village) ¢Öé¹ÁÒ

 

8. Ê×èÍä´éãËé¾×é¹·ÕèÇèÒ§µèÍàÊÕ§¢Í§¡ÅØèÁáÅÐÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ·Ò§Êѧ¤Á·ÕèᵡµèÒ§

 

9. Ê×èÍà»ç¹µÑÇá·¹Íѹ˹Öè§ÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§·Ò§Êѧ¤Á

 

 ½èÒ·Õèµè͵éÒ¹Ê×èÍ

 

1. Ê×èÍä´éãËéÍÒËÒëéÓæ¡Ñº¼Ù餹à¡ÕèÂǡѺÊÔ觷ÕèäÃéÊÒÃÐáÅйèÒÃÓ¤Ò­ ÁѹàËÁ×͹¡Ñº¢¹Á»Ñ§áÅоǡÅФÃÊѵÇì ¾Ç¡Áѹ¨Ñ´ËÒÍÒËÒ÷ÕèàÃÒµéͧ¡ÒôéǤÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö·Ò§ÊµÔ»Ñ­­Ò·ÕèµèÓÊØ´

 

2. Ê×èÍ·ÓãËéàÃÒà»ç¹¼ÙéÊѧࡵ¡Òóì·ÕèÂÍÁ¨Ó¹¹ - ËÃ×ÍàÃÕ¡ÇèҾǡ couch potatoes ¢Öé¹ÁÒ (ËÁÒ¶֧¤¹·ÕèãªéàÇÅÒÊèǹãË­è¡Ñº¡ÒôٷÕÇÕ) - ´éÇÂà˵عÕé àÃÒ¨Ö§ÊÙ­àÊÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö㹡ÒÃãªé¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´ËÃ×Í¡ÒáÃзÓÊÓËÃѺµÑǢͧ¾Ç¡àÃÒàͧä»

 

3. Ê×èÍ·ÓãËéàÃÒáÅкÃôÒÅÙ¡ËÅÒ¹¢Í§àÃÒàÊ×èÍÁ·ÃÒÁŧ Áѹ¹ÓàÃÒä»ã¹Ë¹·Ò§·Õè¼Ô´áÅÐÍÍ¡¹Í¡ÅÙè¹Í¡·Ò§ à¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡à©×èͪÒáÅÐäÃéÍÒÃÁ³ì Áѹ¡ÃеØ鹾ĵԡÃÃÁ·Ò§à¾È·Õè¼Ô´ÈÕŸÃÃÁáÅСÒáÃзӷÕèÃعáç ´éÇÂà˵عÕé Ê×è֧ͨµéͧä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃà«ç¹à«ÍÃìÍÂèÒ§à¢éÁ§Ç´

 

4. Ê×èͤ×ͪش˹Ö觢ͧ¡ÒüÅÔµ·Õè¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´ ÁѹÃѺãªé¼Å»ÃÐ⪹ì·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ¢Í§¤¹¡ÅØèÁ¹éÍÂ

 

5. Ê×èÍ·Ó˹éÒ·ÕèÃѺãªé¼Å»ÃÐ⪹ìµèÒ§æ ·Ò§¡ÒþҳԪÂì áÅзÑé§ËÁ´¶Ù¡¤Çº¤ØÁâ´ÂºÃÃÉÑ·¢éÒÁªÒµÔ ËÃ×Í multinational corporations áÅСÒÃâ¦É³Ò

 

6. Ê×è͵èÒ§æ¤×ÍàÃ×èͧ¢Í§¸ØáԨ Áѹ¤×Í¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÃÁà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒäǺ¤ØÁ¤ÇÒÁÊÓ¹Ö¡¢Í§¾Ç¡àÃҴѧ¹Ñé¹Áѹ¨Ö§¡Ó¡ÑºãËéàÃÒà»ç¹ã¤Ã áÅÐàÃÒ¤ÇèФԴÍÂèÒ§äà ¡ÒÃà¢éÒ¶Ö§Ê×èÍà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ·Õè¶Ù¡¨Ó¡Ñ´

 

7. Ê×èÍ¡ÓÅѧ·ÓãËéàÃÒ·Ñé§ËÅÒ¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§à´ÕÂǡѹ áÅÐä´é·ÓÅÒÂÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁµèÒ§æ ¢Í§ª¹¡ÅØÁ¹éÍÂ

 

8. Ê×èͤ×ÍÃٻẺ˹Ö觢ͧÅÑ·¸Ô¨Ñ¡ÃÇÃôԹÔÂÁ·Ò§ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ â´ÂÍÒÈÑ¡ÒÃà¢éÒÁÒ¤Ãͺ§ÓÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁµèÒ§æ áÅÐÂÑ´àÂÕ´¤Ø³¤èҢͧÁѹµèÍÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ·ÕèÍè͹áÍ¡ÇèÒ

 

9. Ê×èÍ·Ó˹éÒ·Õè¸Ó¹ØºÓÃاÊÀÒ¾¡Òóì·Õèà»ç¹ÍÂÙèãËéà»ç¹ÍÂÙèÍÂèÒ§¹Ñé¹µÅÍ´ä»

 

 µÑÇÍÂèÒ§ 2 µÑÇÍÂèÒ§¢éÒ§ÅèÒ§¹Õé¨ÐáÊ´§ãËéàË繶֧ÀÒ¾ºÒ§ÍÂèÒ§à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¢éͶ¡à¶Õ§¡Ñ¹¢éÒ§µé¹

 

John Hartley ä´éºÑ¹·Ö¡ÇèÒ Nelson Mandela 㹪ÕÇ»ÃÐÇѵÔÊèǹµÑǢͧà¢Ò ä´é¾Ù´à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃÁҶ֧᤹ҴҢͧà¢ÒàÍÒäÇéÍÂèÒ§äà ᤹ҴÒà»ç¹·Õè·Õè Mandela ä´éÃѺ¡Òõé͹ÃѺâ´ÂªÒÇ Inuits (ÊÁÒªÔ¡¢Í§ª¹à¼èÒàÍÊ¡ÔâÁ·ÕèÍÂÙè·Ò§ÁËÒÊÁØ·ÃÍÒÃ줵Ԥ¢Í§á¤¹Ò´ÒáÅСÃÕ¹áŹ´ì) à»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡ «Öè§ä´é·Ó¾Ô¸Õà©ÅÔÁ©Åͧ¡ÒÃÁÒ¶Ö§¢Í§à¢Ò ¾Ç¡à¢Òä´éàË繡ÒûÅè͵ÑÇ Mandela ¨Ò¡¤Ø¡ã¹áÍ¿ÃÔ¡Òãµé¨Ò¡¨Í·ÕÇÕ ¡ÒõèÍÊÙé´Ôé¹Ã¹à¾×èÍàÊÃÕÀÒ¾¢Í§à¢Òàª×èÍÁ⧡Ѻ¡ÒõèÍÊÙé¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Òà¾×èÍÊÔ·¸Ôã¹¾×é¹´Ô¹áÅÐÊÔ·¸Ô·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧã¹á¤¹Ò´Ò à»ç¹à¾ÃÒÐâ·Ã·Ñȹì·Õè·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹ä»ä´éà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¤ÇÒÁàª×èÍÁ⧡ѹÃÐËÇèÒ§¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹àËÅèÒ¹Õé áÅмÙ餹·ÕèÍÂÙèËèÒ§ä¡Å¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¡ã¹·Ò§ÀÙÁÔÈÒʵÃì

 

 

 

´Ñ§·Õè Mandela ¾Ù´ “â·Ã·Ñȹìä´éÂè¹ÂèÍâš㺹ÕéãËéË´à¢éÒËҡѹ áÅÐ㹡Ãкǹ¡Òôѧ¡ÅèÒÇ Áѹä´é¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹ÍÒÇظ·ÕèÊӤѭÍѹ˹Öè§ÊÓËÃѺ¡Òö͹ÃÒ¡¶Í¹â¤¹¤ÇÒÁà©ÂªÒ áÅÐÊè§àÊÃÔÁãËéà¡Ô´»ÃЪҸԻäµÂ (Mandela 1995 quoted in Hartley and McKee 18996 p.74)

 

ã¹ÍÕ¡´éҹ˹Ö觹Ñé¹ Ê×èÍÊÒÁÒöä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃÁͧÇèÒà»ç¹Êèǹ˹Ö觢ͧ¡ÒÃÃѺãªé¼Å»ÃÐ⪹ìÊèǹµÑÇÍÂèÒ§ºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì áÅÐà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ¡ÒúÃÔâÀ¤ «Öè§ä´éÃѺ¡ÒáÃеØé¹â´ÂàÃ×èͧ¢Í§¡ÓäâҴ·Ø¹à»ç¹ÊӤѭ àÃÒÊÒÁÒöàËç¹àÃ×èͧ¹Õéä´éâ´Â¡ÒèéͧÁͧ价Õè “Star Wars trilogy” (µµÔµӹҹʧ¤ÃÒÁ´Ç§´ÒÇ) àÃ×èͧ¢Í§ Star Wars trilogy ä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃ˹عàÊÃÔÁÍÂèҧ˹ѡ áÅÐä´éÁÕ¡ÒÃËÕºËèÍÁѹ¢Öé¹ÁÒãËÁèÍÕ¡¤ÃÑé§à¾×èͨѴ¨Ó˹èÒÂÊÙ褹ÃØè¹ãËÁè·ÕèÂѧäÁèà¤Â´ÙÀҾ¹µÃìªØ´¹ÕéÁÒ¡è͹º¹¨ÍÀҾ¹µÃì à§Ô¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁËÒÈÒÅä´é¶Ù¡ãªé¨èÒÂä»à¾×èÍ¡ÒÃâ¦É³ÒáÅÐÊè§àÊÃÔÁàÃ×èͧ¹Õéä»·ÑèÇâÅ¡ Íѹ¹ÕéÃèÇÁ¡ÑºÃкº¡ÒèѴ¨Ó˹èÒÂÀҾ¹µÃìáÅСÒùÓÍÍ¡à¼Âá¾Ãè ä´é·ÓãËé¡ÒÃÍÍ¡©Ò«éÓ»ÃÐʺ¤ÇÒÁÊÓàÃ稷ҧ´éÒ¹¾Ò³ÔªÂ¡ÃÃÁÊÙ§ÁÒ ¡ÒÃâ¦É³Ò ¡ÒÃá¾Ãè¡ÃШÒ ÂØ·¸ÇÔ¸ÕËÃ×Íá¼¹¡ÒôéÒ¹¡ÒùÓàʹÍáÅÐà¤Ã×èͧÁ×Í·Ò§¡ÒõÅÒ´Í×è¹æ ¼¹Ç¡¡Ñº¡ÒÃÍÍ¡©Ò«éÓÍѹ¹Õé ·ÓãËéà¤Ã×èͧ¨Ñ¡Ã·Óà§Ô¹à»ç¹¨ÃÔ§¢Öé¹ÁÒ¡ÒÃÍÍ¡©Ò¤ÃÑé§ááà¡ÕèÂǡѺÀҾ¹µÃìàÃ×èͧ Star War ¤ÃÑ駷Õè˹Öè§áÊ´§ãËéàË繶֧¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö㹡Ò÷Óà§Ô¹¢Í§ÀҾ¹µÃìÎÍÅÕÇÙ´´éÇ 㹡ÒÃÍÍ¡©Ò¤ÃÑé§áá ¼Å¡ÓäÃä´é¶Ù¡ÊÃéÒ§¢Öé¹ÁÒ¨Ò¡ÊÔ¹¤éÒ·Õè·Óà»ç¹Çѵ¶Øà¾×èÍ«×éÍ¢Ò¡ѹà¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧ Star War ÍÒ·Ôàªè¹ ËØ蹨ÓÅͧ·Õè·Óà»ç¹µØ꡵ҵÑÇÅФÃã¹àÃ×èͧáÅТͧªÓÃèǵèÒ§æ ÊÔè§àËÅèÒ¹Õéä´éÊÃéÒ§ÃÒÂä´éÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒËéͧ¨Ó˹èÒµÑëÇàÊÕÂÍÕ¡ â´Âà˵عÕé ÀҾ¹µÃìà´ÔÁæ àÃ×èͧ Star War ¨Ö§ÍÒ¨ä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃÁͧÇèÒà»ç¹ÃٻẺ¡ÒÃâ¦É³Ò·ÕèÂÒǹҹà¾×èÍÊÔ¹¤éÒÍ×è¹æ

 

 

 

ÁÕ¼ÙéãËéà˵ؼÅÇèÒ Íѹ¹Õéà»ç¹ÃٻẺ˹Ö觢ͧ¡ÒõѡµÇ§¼Å»ÃÐ⪹ì·Ò§àÈÃÉ°¡Ô¨·ÕèÁÕàËÂ×èÍÍÂÙè·ÕèºÃôÒà´ç¡æ ·Ñé§ËÅÒ ¼Ùé«Ö觺èͤÃÑé§ä´éÃѺ¡ÒþԨÒóÒà»ç¹¼ÙéÃѺÊ×èÍ·ÕèÁÕ¨Ôµã¨Íè͹äËÇÍÂèÒ§á·é¨ÃÔ§ àÍ¡ÊÒÃàÁ×èÍàÃçÇæ ¹Õé ÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ The Merchants of Cool ä´éáÊ´§ãËéàË繶֧¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭà¡ÕèÂǡѺµÅÒ´àÂÒǪ¹·ÕèÁÕµèͺÃôҹѡâ¦É³Ò·Ñé§ËÅÒ ºÃôҹѡºÃÔËÒçҹâ¦É³ÒµèÒ§æ¶Ù¡ÃÙé¨Ñ¡¹°Ò¹Ð·Õèà»ç¹¹Ñ¡ÅèÒ·ÕèàÂ×Í¡àÂç¹ (cool hunters) «Öè§ä´é·ÓÇÔ¨ÑÂÍÂèÒ§¡ÇéÒ§¢ÇÒ§¤Ãͺ¤ÅØÁã¹ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ¢Í§àÂÒǪ¹à¾×èͨÓṡá¹Çâ¹éÁËÃ×Í·ÔÈ·Ò§·Õè»ÃÒ¡¯µÑÇ¢Öé¹ÁÒ áÅжѴ¨Ò¡¹Ñé¹ä´éãªéÊ×èÍÃØ¡à¢éÒÊÙèµÅÒ´»ÃÒ¡¯¡Òóì¢Í§ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁÂèÍ (subculture phenomena) Íѹ¹Õé¤×ÍÊÔ觷Õè¾Ç¡à¢Ò¤é¹¾ºà»éÒËÁÒÂËÃ×ÍÇѵ¶Ø»ÃÐʧ¤ì¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò¡ç¤×Í µéͧ¡ÒäǺ¤ØÁºÑ§àËÕ¹ÃÑÈÁÕÍѹàÂ×Í¡àÂç¹¹Õé áÅÐÊÃéÒ§¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§Áѹ¡Ñºà¤Ã×èͧËÁÒ¡ÒäéÒ·ÕèÁÕÅѡɳÐ੾ÒÐÍѹ˹Ö觢Öé¹ÁÒ

 

 

 

àÂÒǪ¹ «Öè§ÃÒÂä´é¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢ÒÂѧäÁèä´éÁÕÀÒÃм١¾Ñ¹ÍÂÙè¡ÑºÊÔè§ã´ÊÔè§Ë¹Öè§ ÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ ¡ÒêÓÃÐ˹Õé ËÃ×ÍÁÕÀÒÃФèÒãªé¨èÒ»ÃÐ¨Ó à»ç¹¤ÇÒÁà»ÃÒкҧ·Õè¶Ù¡â¨ÁµÕä´é§èÒÂÁÒ¡¨Ò¡á¼¹¡Òôѧ¡ÅèÒÇ àÃÒоǡà¢Ò¶Ù¡ÃѺÃÙéÇèÒà»ç¹¾Ç¡·Õè¶Ù¡â¹éÁ¹éÒǨԵã¨ä´é§èÒ áÅÐà»ç¹¾Ç¡·ÕèÁÕÊÓ¹Ö¡ËÃ×ÍÊÑÁ¼ÑʤÇÒÁ»ÃзѺã¨à¡ÕèÂǡѺÀÒ¾ä´é§èÒÂàªè¹¡Ñ¹

 

 ¡Ã³ÕµèÒ§æàËÅèÒ¹Õéà»ç¹µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·ÕèªÕé੾ÒÐ à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¢éͶ¡à¶Õ§ÊÓËÃѺ¾Ç¡·ÕèãËé¡ÒÃʹѺʹعáÅеè͵éÒ¹Ê×èÍ àÃ×èͧàËÅèÒ¹ÕéªèÇÂãËéÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕ´ÊÁºÙóì¢Öé¹à¡ÕèÂǡѺËÅÑ¡°Ò¹·ÑèÇæ ä»ã¹¢éͤÇÒÁ·Õè¡¢Öé¹ÁÒà»ç¹¢éÍæ ¢éÒ§µé¹ áÅеÑÇÍÂèÒ§¨Óà¾ÒÐàÃ×èͧ㴺éÒ§ ·Õèʹͧ¤ÇÒÁÃѺÃÙéáÅФÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡¢Í§àÃÒ·ÓäÁµéͧÊ͹à¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧÊ×èÍ (Why teach about the media)à˵ؼźҧ»ÃСÒ÷ÕèàÃÒÊ͹à¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧÊ×èÍ ä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃáºè§»Ñ¹¤ÇÒÁÃÙéâ´ÂºÃôҤÃÙ¼ÙéÊ͹áÅкÃôҹѡÇԨѴéÒ¹Ê×èÍËÅÒµèÍËÅÒ¤¹ à˵ؼÅÊèǹãË­èàËÅèÒ¹Õéä´éáÊ´§ãËéàË繶֧ÀÒ¾¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Õèà»ç¹ä»´éǤÇÒÁÃÑ¡áÅФÇÒÁà¡ÅÕ´ªÑ§à¡ÕèÂǡѺÊ×èʹѧ¹Õé

 

1. ¾Ç¡àÃÒàµÔºâµ¢Öé¹ÁÒ´éÇ¡ÒôٷÕÇÕáÅÐÀҾ¹µÃì Íèҹ˹ѧÊ×Í¡ÒÃìµÙ¹áÅйԵÂÊÒõèÒ§æáÅÐä´éÃѺ¤ÇÒÁºÑ¹à·Ô§ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂÁÒ¨Ò¡Ê×èÍ ¾Ç¡àÃÒãªéàÇÅÒÇèÒ§ÊèǹãË­è仡Ѻ¡ÒúÃÔâÀ¤¼Å¼ÅÔµµèÒ§æ à¡ÕèÂǡѺÊ×èÍ Ê×èͤ×ÍáËÅ觵鹵ÍÍѹ˹Ö觢ͧ¤ÇÒÁ¾Ö§¾Íã¨ÍѹÂÔè§ãË­è ã¹·Ø¡Çѹ¹Õé¾Ç¡àÃÒÂѧ¤§ä´éÃѺ¤ÇÒÁà¾ÅÔ´à¾ÅÔ¹ÊèǹãË­è¨Ò¡Ê×è͵èÒ§æ äÁèÇèÒ¨ÐÁÒ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÍèÒ¹àÃ×èͧ The Face ¡ÒÃä´éãªéÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµáÅÐÍÕàÁÅì ä´é´ÙÃÒ¡ÒÃâ·Ã·Ñȹì Big Brother ËÃ×Í South Park ËÃ×Í¡ÓÅѧ´ÙÀҾ¹µÃìàÃ×èͧÅèÒÊØ´¢Í§ Jane Campion ã¹âçÀҾ¹µÃì ¾Ç¡àÃÒ¤Ò´ËÇѧãËé¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡ÃÑ¡á§èÁØÁºÒ§»ÃСÒâͧÊ×èÍ ´éÇ¡ÒÃÊ͹à¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧÊ×èÍÁըشÁØè§ËÁÒÂà¾×èÍ·Õè¨Ð¢ÂѺ¢ÂÒÂáÅСÃдѺ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨ãËéÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ«Òº«Öé§ áÅÐʹءà¾ÅÔ´à¾ÅÔ¹¡ÑºÊ×è͵èÒ§æâ´Â¼èÒ¹¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨ÇèÒ Ê×èÍ·Ñé§ËÅÒÂàËÅèÒ¹ÕéÁѹ·Ó§Ò¹¡Ñ¹ÍÂèÒ§äÃ

 

 2. ã¹´éÒ¹ÈÑ¡ÂÀÒ¾ ¾Ç¡àÃÒä´éàË繶֧¾ÅѧÍÓ¹Ò¨·Ò§Êѧ¤Áã¹àªÔ§ºÇ¡¢Í§Ê×èÍ Ãкº¡ÒõԴµèÍÊ×èÍÊÒüèÒ¹Ê×èÍÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒöà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃáºè§»Ñ¹¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´·Õè¢éÒÁÃÐÂзҧã¹àªÔ§¡ÂÀÒ¾áÅзÓãËé¾Ç¡àÃÒÃÙé¡ÃзÑ觶֧ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ·ÕèᵡµèÒ§ ¾Ç¡ÁѹÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒöà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§¢éÍÁÙÅáÅÐÃٻẺ·Ò§Êع·ÃÕÂì¢Öé¹ÁÒ «Öè§ãªé¡ÒÃä´éã¹ÃдѺâÅ¡·Õèá·é¨ÃÔ§¡Ñº¤¹·Ø¡¤¹ áÅдéÇÂà˵ØáË觤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒöËÃ×ÍÊÁÃö¹ÐÍѹ¹Õé Áѹ¨Ö§¶Ù¡àÃÕ¡ÇèÒà»ç¹”»ÃЪҸԻäµÂ” Ê×èÍä´éÃѺ¡ÒõÑ駪×èÍ·Õèà¡ÕèÂǡѺ»ÃЪҸԻäµÂ´éÇÂà¾ÃÒÐÇèÒ Áѹ¤ÅéÒ¤ÅÖ§¡Ñº»ÃЪҸԻäµÂẺÁÕµÑÇá·¹ Ê×èÍÊÒÁÒö·Õè¨Ð¨Ñ´ËÒàÊÕ§æ˹Ö觢ͧ¼Ù餹 áÅÐÊÒÁÒö¶Ù¡¹ÓÁÒãªéà»ç¹µÑÇá·¹·ÑȹеèÒ§æ ·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ¢Í§ª¹

 

¡ÅØèÁ¹éÍ¡ÅØèÁµèÒ§æ àªè¹à´ÕÂǡѺàÊÕ§¢Í§¤¹ÊèǹãË­è¢Í§»ÃЪҡÃ. Ê×èÍä´é¶Ù¡¹Óä»ãªéà¾×è͹ÓàʹͻÃÐà´ç¹»Ñ­ËÒáÅÐà˵ءÒóì·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹ÊÒ¸ÒóР·ÓãËéÁѹà»ç¹ä»ä´éÊÓËÃѺ¡ÅØèÁ·ÕèÊÃéÒ§¤ÇÒÁ¡´´Ñ¹µèÒ§æ à¾×èÍÃǺÃÇÁ»Ñ­ËÒËÃ×ͤÇÒÁÍÂصԸÃÃÁºÒ§ÍÂèÒ§¢Öé¹ÁÒà»ç¹»ÃÐà´ç¹ÃèÇÁ ´éÇÂà˵عÕé ¨Ö§àÍÒª¹Ð¤ÇÒÁäÃéÍÓ¹Ò¨ËÃ×Í¡ÒâҴ¤ÇÒÁàª×èÍÁÑ蹢ͧᡵÑÇà»ç¹ÍÔÊÃÐËÃ×ͤÇÒÁâ´´à´ÕèÂÇ ã¹Ë¹·Ò§µèÒ§æ·Õè¨ÐäÁèÊÒÁÒö¡ÃзÓä´éâ´Â»ÃÒȨҡÊ×èÍÊÒÃÁÇŪ¹. ÊÓËÃѺÊ×èÍÊÒÁÒö·Õè¨Ð·ÓãË麷ºÒ·¢Í§»ÃЪҸԻäµÂàËÅèÒ¹ÕéºÃÃÅؼÅä´é㹪ÕÇÔµÊÒ¸ÒóРÍÔÊÃÀÒ¾à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃáÊ´§ÍÍ¡à»ç¹àÃ×èͧ·ÕèÊӤѭÂÔè§ Ê×èÍÊÒÁÒöªèÇÂʹѺʹعÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹»ÃÐ⪹ìµè;Ѳ¹Ò¡ÒÃà¡ÕèÂǡѺâš͹Ҥµ¢Í§¾Ç¡àÃÒ áÅФÇÒÁÊӤѭ¢Í§Áѹ·ÕèÁÕµèÍ¡ÒÃáÊ´§ÍÍ¡Íѹ¹Õé

 

 

3. áµèÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁ ¾Ç¡àÃÒµèÒ§ÇÔ¾Ò¡ÉìÇÔ¨ÒóìáÅÐÃÙéÊ֡ʧÊÑÂá¤Å§ã¨à¡ÕèÂǡѺ˹·Ò§ËÃ×ÍÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒõèÒ§æ·ÕèÊ×èÍ·Ó§Ò¹¨ÃÔ§æ. àÃÒàª×èÍÇèÒã¹ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃàªÔ§â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§·ÕèÊӤѭ ¾ÅѧÍÓ¹Ò¨àµçÁ·ÕèàËÅèÒ¹ÕéËÁÒ¶֧¡ÒÃÊ×èÍÊÒà «Ö觺èͤÃÑé§ ¶Ù¡¹Óä»ãªé¼Ô´æâ´Â¼Ù餹·Õè¤Çº¤ØÁÊ×èÍ ¼ÅÅѾ¸ì·ÕèµÒÁÁÒÊÒÁÒö

 

¡ÅèÒÇä´éÇèÒ â´Â¼èÒ¹¡ÒÃãªéÊ×èͧ͢¾Ç¡à¢Ò ¼Ù餹àËÅèÒ¹Õé¡ÓÅѧ¢èÁ¢×¹¡ÃзӪÓàÃҾǡàÃÒ ªèÇÂÊè§àÊÃÔÁʹѺʹع»Ñ­ËÒµèÒ§æ¢Öé¹ÁÒà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡á¡èÊѧ¤Á¢Í§¾Ç¡àÃÒ áÅЪèǸÓçÃÑ¡ÉÒÊÀÒ¾¡Òóì·Õèà»ç¹ÍÂÙèà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¤ÇÒÁäÃé´ØÅÂÀÒ¾¢Í§Êѧ¤ÁâÅ¡àÍÒäÇé ¡ÒÃÊ͹à¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧÊ×èÍÊÒÁÒö¡ÃдѺ¤ÇÒÁÃѺÃÙéà¡ÕèÂǡѺ´éҹź¢Í§Ê×èÍÍѹ¹Õé¢Öé¹ÁÒä´é áÅÐÊÒÁÒö·Õè¨Ð¾Ñ²¹Ò˹·Ò§µèÒ§æà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡Ò÷éÒ·ÒÂáÅСÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§Ê×èÍä´éã¹àÇÅÒà´ÕÂǡѹ ã¹¢³Ð·ÕèÁÕ¤¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡µèÒ§ÊÃÃàÊÃԭ¡Âèͧá§èÁØÁã¹´éÒ¹ºÇ¡¢Í§¾Ç¡Áѹ ¤ÇÒÁËèǧã·ҧÊѧ¤ÁÍѹ¹Õéà»ç¹¡ÒùÓàʹ͢éÍÇÔ¾Ò¡ÉìÇÔ¨ÒóìµèÍ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒàÃ×èͧÃÒǢͧÊ×èÍ Áѹà»ç¹¡ÒÃÁØè§Áͧ仢éҧ˹éÒÊÙè¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§·Ò§Êѧ¤Á áÅÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁµÑé§ã¨ÇèÒ ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒàÃ×èͧÊ×èÍ(media studies)¨Ð»¯ÔºÑµÔ¡ÒÃ㹡Ãͺâ¤Ã§ÃèÒ§·Ò§Êѧ¤ÁáÅзҧ¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ

 

 â´Â¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Õèà»ç¹ä»´éǤÇÒÁÃÑ¡áÅФÇÒÁªÑ§·ÕèÁÕµèÍÊ×èÍ ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉҢͧ¾Ç¡àÃÒ¨ÐÊзé͹¶èÒ¢éÍâµéà¶Õ§ã¹àªÔ§µÃ§¢éÒÁºÒ§ÍÂèÒ§à¡ÕèÂǡѺÊ×èʹѧ·Õè¹Óàʹ͢éÒ§µé¹ ¢éͤԴàËç¹ã¹àªÔ§µÃ§¢éÒÁËÃ×Í¡ÒÃâµéáÂé§àËÅèÒ¹Õé·ÓãËé¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒà¡ÕèÂǡѺÊ×èÍà»ç¹ÊÒ¢ÒÇÔªÒ·Õè¹èÒàÃéÒ㨠¡Ò÷ӤÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨Ê×èͨЪèÇÂãËéàÃҾѲ¹Ò·Ñ¡ÉзÕè¨ÐãËéà¤Ã×èͧÁ×͡ѺàÃÒ à¾×èÍ·Ó§Ò¹ÍÂèÒ§ÊÃéÒ§ÊÃäìã¹àÃ×èͧÊ×èÍ áÅÐÁѹ¨Ð¹éÍÁ¹ÓàÃÒä»ÊÙè¤ÇÒÁÃѺÃÙéã¹ÅѡɳÐÇÔ¾Ò¡ÉìÇÔ¨Òóìà¡ÕèÂǡѺº·ºÒ·Ë¹éÒ·Õè¢Í§Ê×èÍÇèÒà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§äà ´éÇÂà˵عÕé àÃÒ¨Ö§ÊÒÁÒö·Õè¨ÐÊÙéú¡ÑºÁѹä´é㹰ҹзÕèà»ç¹¾ÅàÁ×ͧ·ÕèÁÕ¢éÍÁÙÅËÃ×Íà»ç¹¼ÙéÊѹ·Ñ´¡Ã³Õ¤¹Ë¹Öè§ â´Â¡Òö¡à¶Õ§·Ò§Êѧ¤Á·ÕèÁÕÍÂÙèÍÂèÒ§µèÍà¹×èͧà¡ÕèÂǡѺÊ×èÍáÅоÅѧÍÓ¹Ò¨µèÒ§æ·Õè¾Ç¡ÁѹÁÕ

 

Á¹ØÉÂì·Ø¡¤¹¶Ù¡ºÑ§¤ÑºãËé¤Ô´¶Ö§·Ø¡æ ÊÔè§ã¹àÇÅÒà´ÕÂǡѹ º¹¢éÍÁÙÅ·ÕèäÁèÊÁºÙóì áÅдéǪèǧàÇÅÒ·Õè¹éÍÂà¡Ô¹ä»ÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒÃÊзé͹¡ÅѺ ¡ÒÃá¾Ãè¡ÃШÒ·ÕèäÁèà»ÅÕ蹢ͧ¶éͤӵèÒ§æ ·Õè¶Ù¡ËÑè¹ÍÍ¡à»ç¹ªÔé¹æ ¤ÇÒÁµ×è¹àµé¹ä»µÅÍ´à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¤ÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡·ÕèäÁèÍÒ¨¾ÔÊÙ¨¹ìä´éâ´Â¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§ ¡Òáè͵ÑÇ¢Öé¹ÁÒÍÂèÒ§ÁÑ蹤§¢Í§¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´àËç¹·ÕèàÃ觴èǹËÃ×ÍäÁè¶Ù¡µéͧ ã¹·éÒ·ÕèÊØ´ ã¤ÃÊÑ¡¤¹¨Ðµéͧ¤Ô´ÇèÒÁѹ·ÓãËéàÃ×èͧ¢Í§ÊµÔ»Ñ­­Ò·Ñé§ËÁ´àÅÇŧ

 

¤ÇÒÁ¡ÅÑÇà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃãªéÊ×èÍä»ã¹·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ (Fears about Political use of the media)¤ÇÒÁ¡ÅÑǵèÒ§æ à¡ÕèÂǡѺÇѵ¶Ø»ÃÐʧ¤ì·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ «Öè§Ê×èÍÊÒÁÒö·Óä´é ÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡ÑºÇÔ¸Õ¡Ò÷ÕèÊ×èÍÊÒÁÒö¶Ù¡¹Óä»ãªé»ÃÐ⪹ìâ´Â¾Ãä¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧµèÒ§æ à¾×èͤǺ¤ØÁ¼Ù餹·Ñé§ËÅÒ ¢³Ð·Õè¡Òû¡¤ÃͧẺ༴稡ÒÿÒÊ«ÔÊ·ì áÅФÍÁÁÔǹÔÊ·ì ÃÑ°µèÒ§æ㹪èǧ·ÈÇÃÃÉ·Õè 1930s ä´é»ÅØ¡»Ñ蹤ÇÒÁ¡ÅÑÇàËÅèÒ¹Õé¢Öé¹ÁÒ áµèÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁ ¡ÒÃãªé»ÃÐ⪹ì·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧà¡ÕèÂǡѺÊ×èÍä´éà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ã¹Êѧ¤Á»ÃЪҸԻäµÂ·ÑèÇä»´éÇ ·Õè·Õè¡ÒÃâ¦É³ÒÊÒÁÒöä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃÁͧ㹰ҹзÕèà»ç¹ÃٻẺ˹Ö觢ͧ¡ÒÃâ¦É³ÒªÇ¹àª×èÍ áÅСÒÃÅéÒ§ÊÁͧ·Õèä´éãËé¡ÒÃʹѺʹعµèÍÅÑ·¸ÔºÃÔâÀ¤¹ÔÂÁã¹Êѧ¤Á·Ø¹«Öè§Íѹ¹Õéä´éáÊ´§ãËéàËç¹à»ç¹¤ÃÑé§ááã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ͧ͢ Vance Packard ã¹àÃ×èͧ The HiddenPersuaders (¤ÇÒÁ¨Ù§ã¨·Õè«è͹àÃé¹)(Packard 1957)

 

ºèͤÃÑé§ä´éÁÕ¡Òö¡ÇèÒ ¤ÇèÐÁÕ¡ÒäǺ¤ØÁà˹×ÍÊ×èÍà¾×èÍÇèÒÁѹ¨Ðä´éäÁè¶Ù¡¹Óä»ãªéã¹·Ò§·Õè¼Ô´ ¤ÇÒÁ¡ÅÑÇ·ÕèÇèÒ Ê×èÍÍÒ¨¶Ù¡¹Óä»ãªéà¾×èÍÇѵ¶Ø»ÃÐʧ¤ìµèÒ§æ ·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ¹Ñºà»ç¹à˵ؼÅ˹Ö觷ÕèÇèÒ·ÓäÁ»ÃЪҪ¹ã¹»ÃÐà·ÈµèÒ§æ ÁÒ¡ÁÒµèÒ§Â×¹ÂѹÇèÒ ÃÑ°ºÒÅäÁè¤Ç÷Õè¨Ðà»ç¹à¨éҢͧÊ×èÍ áÅÐ/ËÃ×ͤǺ¤ØÁÊ×èÍ ¤ÇÒÁ¡ÅÑÇÍѹ¹ÕéÂѧ¤§ÇÒ§ÍÂÙèàº×éͧËÅѧ¡Òö¡à¶Õ§¡Ñ¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡à¡ÕèÂǡѺÇèÒ ã¤Ã¤ÇÃà»ç¹¼ÙéÁÕÊÔ·¸Ôìà»ç¹à¨éҢͧÊ×èÍ´éÇ áµèÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁ

 

¼Ùé»ÃСͺ¡Ò÷Ñé§ËÅÒ·ҧ´éÒ¹Ê×èÍ ËÅÒµèÍËÅÒ¤ÃÑé§ÁÑ¡¨ÐÁͧµÑǢͧ¾Ç¡à¢Òàͧ㹰ҹзÕèà»ç¹ÊعѢà½éÒºéÒ¹·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ (political watchdogs) áÅÐã¹»ÃÐà´ç¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ¹Õé ¶Ù¡ÍéÒ§¶Ö§ã¹°Ò¹Ð·Õèà»ç¹°Ò¹Ñ¹´ÃÊÕè(fourth estate)¡ÒÃãªé»ÃÐ⪹ìã¹ÇÔ¶Õ·Ò§¹Õé ÈѾ·ì¤ÓÇèÒ”°Ò¹Ñ¹´Ã” à»ç¹¤Ó·ÕèÊ׺·Í´ÁÒ¨Ò¡ªèǧàÇÅÒà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡Òû¯ÔÇѵԽÃÑè§àÈÊ ªèǧ·ÕèÍÓ¹Ò¨µØÅÒ¡Òà ÍÓ¹Ò¨ÃÑ°ÊÀÒ áÅÐÍÓ¹Ò¨¢Í§ÈÒʹ¨Ñ¡Ãä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃÍéÒ§ÇèÒà»ç¹°Ò¹Ñ¹´Ã·Õè˹Öè§ Êͧ áÅÐÊÒÁ µÒÁÅӴѺ Ê×èͶ×Íà»ç¹°Ò¹Ñ¹´Ã·ÕèÊÕè

 

«Ö觤×Í¡ÅØèÁ¤¹·ÕèÊÒÁÒöáÊ´§¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´àËç¹ ÇÔ¾Ò¡ÉìÇÔ¨Òóì áÅзӡÒÃÊ׺Êǹ¶Ö§à˵ءÒóìµèÒ§æä´é â´Â¼èÒ¹àÊÃÕÀҾ㹡Òþٴ â´Â¡ÒõÃǨµÃÒà¡ÕèÂǡѺʶҺѹµèÒ§æàËÅèÒ¹Õéä´é·ÓÍÐäÃä» Íѹ¹Õé¤×Íà˵ؼŷÕèÇèÒ ·ÓäÁ “ÍÔÊÃÀÒ¾¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì”¨Ö§à»ç¹ÊÔ觷ÕèÊӤѭ

 

¤ÇÒÁ¡ÅÑÇà¡ÕèÂǡѺÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å¢Í§Ê×èÍ·ÕèÁÕµèÍÈÕŸÃÃÁ (Fears about the media's influence onmorals) ¤ÇÒÁ¡ÅÑÇã¹´éÒ¹ÈÕŸÃÃÁà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÁÒ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁËèǧã·ÕèÇèÒ Ê×èÍÍÒ¨¨Ðà»ç¹¾ÅѧÍÓ¹Ò¨¢Í§¤ÇÒÁªÑèÇÃéÒÂÍѹ˹Öè§ â´Â੾ÒÐÍÂèÒ§ÂÔè§ ã¹¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìà¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧà¾ÈáÅФÇÒÁÃعáç ä´éÁÕ¡ÒÃãËéà˵ؼÅÇèÒ ¤Ø³¤èҢͧ¼Ù餹ÊÒÁÒö·Õè¨Ð¶Ù¡·ÓãËéªÑèÇÃéÒÂáÅÐàÅÇŧä»ä´éâ´ÂÊ×èÍ·Õè¾Ç¡à¢ÒºÃÔâÀ¤ Íѹ¹Õéä´é¹Óä»ÊÙè¤ÇÒÁµ×蹡ÅÑÇ·Ò§ÈÕŸÃÃÁ (moral panics) áÅСÒÃóç¤ìµè͵éÒ¹àÃ×èͧÃÒÇ·Ò§à¾ÈáÅФÇÒÁÃعáç·ÕèÁÕÍÍ¡ÁÒÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹ä»º¹¨Íâ·Ã·Ñȹì

 

¤ÇÒÁµ¡µ×è¹·Ò§ÈÕŸÃÃÁÁÕá¹Çâ¹éÁ·Õè¨Ðâ¿¡ÑÊÅ§ä» ·Õè¼Å¡Ãзºà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒúÃÔâÀ¤Ê×èÍâ´ÂàÂÒǪ¹¤¹Ë¹ØèÁÊÒÇ à¾ÃÒоǡà¢ÒàËÅèÒ¹Õéä´éÃѺ¡Ò÷֡·Ñ¡ÇèÒÁÕ»ÃÐʺ¡Òóì¹éÍÂà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒõѴÊԹ㨫Ö觵Ñé§ÍÂÙ躹¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§¤Ø³¤ÇÒÁ´Õ áÅÐÁÕÊÁÃö¹Ðà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃÇÔ¾Ò¡ÉìÇÔ¨ÒóìäÁèà¾Õ§¾ÍàÃ×èͧÃÒÇ·Õèáµè§¢Öé¹ÁÒËÃ×Íà¹×éÍËҢͧÊ×è͵èÒ§æÁѹÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡ÑºâÅ¡¢Í§¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§ÀÒ¹͡ä´éÁÕ¡ÒÃàʹÍÇèÒ ¼Å¡Ãзº·Õè·Ñº·ÇÕ¢Öé¹à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒúÃÔâÀ¤Ê×èÍ·ÕèºÃèØàÃ×èͧ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÃعáçàÍÒäÇé

 

áÅÐ/ËÃ×Í à¹×éÍËÒà¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧà¾ÈµèÒ§æ ÍÒ¨à»ç¹ÍѹµÃÒ â´Â੾ÒÐÍÂèÒ§ÂÔè§ µèͼÙé´Ù·Õèà»ç¹àÂÒǪ¹ «Öè§à»ç¹àÃ×èͧ·ÕèäÁèÍÒ¨ËÅÕ¡àÅÕè§ä´éã¹Êèǹ¢Í§á¹Çâ¹éÁ·ÕèàÂÒǪ¹·Ñé§ËÅÒ¨ÐàÃÕ¹ÃÙéâ´Â¡ÒÃàÅÕ¹Ẻ (¨ÓÅͧËÃ×ÍàÍÒÍÂèÒ§ÊÔ觷Õè¾Ç¡à¢ÒàËç¹áÅÐä´éÂÔ¹) ·Ñ駹Õéà¾ÃÒÐÃٻẺ¢Í§Ê×èÍ»ÃÐàÀ··ÕèâµéµÍº¡Ñ¹ä´éÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ ÇÔ´ÕâÍà¡ÁÊì µéͧ¡ÒáÒÃÁÕÊèǹÃèÇÁ㹡ÒáÃзӵèÒ§æ·Õèà»ç¹¤ÇÒÁÃعáç«Ö觾ǡà¢Òà»ç¹µÑÇáÊ´§ â´Â੾ÒÐÍÂèÒ§ÂÔè§ ¾Ç¡à¢Ò¶Ù¡¾Ô¨ÒóÒÇèÒà»ç¹¾Ç¡·Õè¹èÒà»ç¹Ëèǧ

 

ÁØÁÁͧÍÕ¡ÁØÁ˹Öè§à¡ÕèÂǡѺ»ÃÐà´ç¹»Ñ­ËÒ¹Õé¡ç¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁá¾ÃèËÅÒ·ÕèÁÕÍÂèÒ§´¡´×è¹ÁÒ¡¢Í§ÀÒ¾ÅÒÁ¡áÅÐÀÒ¾¤ÇÒÁÃعáçã¹Ê×èÍ·Õè·ÓãËéà»ç¹¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔä»áÅéÇ à¹×éÍËÒËÃ×ÍÀÒ¾àËÅèÒ¹Ñé¹ ä´éÊÃéÒ§¾ÄµÔ¡ÃÃÁàªÔ§à»ÃÕºà·Õº㹪ÕÇÔµ¨ÃÔ§¢Öé¹ÁÒ«Ö觴ÙàËÁ×͹ÇèÒà»ç¹¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ »¡µÔ¸ÃÃÁ´Ò áÅÐà»ç¹·ÕèÂÍÁÃѺ ÍѹµÃÒÂã¹·Õè¹Õé¤×ÍÇèÒ Ê×èÍÍÒ¨¨Ð¶Ù¡µéͧµÒÁ¡®ËÁÒÂâ´Â¤ÇÒÁàÅÔ¹àÅèÍËÃ×Í»ÃÐÁÒ·áµèäÁè¤ÇÃä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃÂÍÁÃѺ·Ò§¨ÃÔ¸ÃÃÁ ÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ ¡ÒÃãªé¤ÇÒÁÃعáç㹰ҹзÕèà»ç¹ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃÍѹ˹Ö觢ͧ¡ÒÃá¡é»Ñ­ËÒ¤ÇÒÁ¢Ñ´áÂé§ ËÃ×Í¡ÒâҴàÊÕ«Ö觤ÇÒÁà¤ÒþµèͤÇÒÁà»ç¹ËØé¹Êèǹ·Ò§à¾È¢Í§ÍÕ¡¤¹Ë¹Öè§

 

¤ÇÒÁ¡ÅÑÇà¡ÕèÂǡѺÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å¢Í§Ê×èÍ·ÕèÁÕµèÍÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ (Fears about the media's influence onculture) ÊÓËÃѺ¼Ù餹«Öè§à¡Ã§ÇèÒÊ×èͨÐÁÒÅ´·Í¹¤Ø³¤èÒ·Ò§ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ¢Í§Êѧ¤Á à¾ÃÒÐÊ×èÍä´éÃѺ¡ÒüÅÔµ¢Öé¹ÁÒÍÂèÒ§¤è͹¢éÒ§¼ÔÇà¼Ô¹áÅÐäÁèà»ç¹ÊÒÃÐ Íѹ¹ÕéÁÕÀÒ¾·ÕèáÊ´§ãËéàËç¹ä´é´Õ·ÕèÊØ´ã¹¢éÍâµéáÂé§ÃÒÂÃͺàÃ×èͧÃÒÇ«Ö觤è͹¢éÒ§ÊӤѭÁÒ¡à¡ÕèÂǡѺÊÔ觷ÕèàÃÕ¡¡Ñ¹ÇèÒ”ÇѲ¹ÃÃÁªÑé¹ÊÙ§”áÅДÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹µèÓ”(high and low culture)

 

ÊÓËÃѺÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹ÊÙ§ ä´éÃѺ¡Ò÷֡·Ñ¡ÇèÒà»ç¹ÈÔŻзÕèÂÔè§ãË­è·Õèä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§¢Öé¹ÁÒâ´ÂÊѧ¤Á˹Öè§ - Áѹ¤×ÍÈÔŻзÕè¡ÃдѺÈÕŸÃÃÁãËéÊÙ§Ê觢Öé¹ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÅѺ«Ñº«é͹ áÅÐàÍÒ¨ÃÔ§àÍҨѧ.ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹ÊÙ§ä´éÃѺ¡ÒáÅèÒÇÇèÒ ÈÔÅ»¡ÃÃÁàËÅèÒ¹Õé¨Ð¶Ù¡¤é¹¾ºä´é㹡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ âÍà»ÃèÒ §Ò¹¨ÔµÃ¡ÃÃÁ áÅÐÇÃó¡ÃÃÁ·ÕèÂÔè§ãË­è ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨áÅСÒõդÇÒÁà¡ÕèÂǡѺÊÔè§àËÅèÒ¹Õéµéͧ¡ÒáÒý֡½¹áÅСÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéÍÂèÒ§àªÕèÂǪҭ Áѹà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§¤¹ªÑé¹ÊÙ§ËÃ×;ǡËÑÇ¡ÃÐ·Ô à¾ÃÒл¡µÔáÅéÇ Áѹà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§ÍÀÔÊÔ·¸Ôì ¢éÍä´éà»ÃÕº ¡ÒÃä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ áÅФÇÒÁÃèÓÃÇ «Ö觻Ѩ¨ÑÂàËÅèÒ¹Õé·ÓãËéÁÕàÇÅÒÇèÒ§ÁÒ¡¾Í ÁÕà§Ô¹ áÅÐÁÕ·Ñ¡ÉзÕè¨Ðà¢éÒ¶Ö§áÅЫҺ«Öé§à¡ÕèÂǡѺÈÔÅ»¡ÃÃÁ¢éÒ§µé¹

 

ÊèǹÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹µèÓËÃ×ÍÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁẺ»êÍ»»ÔÇÅèÒÃì ã¹ÍÕ¡´éҹ˹Ö觹Ñé¹ à»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ·Õèä´éÃѺ¡ÒúÃÔâÀ¤â´Â¼Ù餹ÊèǹãË­è Áѹ¶Ù¡¾ºä´éµÒÁ˹éÒ¹ÔµÂÊÒõèÒ§æ ˹ѧÊ×Í»¡Íè͹·ÕèÁÕµÅÒ´¢¹Ò´ãË­è ÀҾ¹µÃìá¹Ç»êÍ» áÅÐâ·Ã·Ñȹì

 

ºÃôҹѡÇÔ¨Òóì·Ñé§ËÅÒ·ҧ´éÒ¹ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ ÁͧÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹µèÓ´éÇ¡ÒÃËÑÇàÃÒÐàÂÒР㹰ҹзÕèÁѹà»ç¹¡ÒÃÅ´·Í¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§ÈÕŸÃÃÁ ËÃ×Í·ÓãËé¨ÃÃÂÒàÊ×èÍÁ áÅÐà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ§èÒÂæ¸ÃÃÁ´Ò·ÕèäÁèÊÅѺ«Ñº«é͹ÍÐäà â´Â¨ÒÃÕµáÅéÇ ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹µèÓä´é¶Ù¡ãÊèÃéÒ»éÒÂÊÕ㹰ҹзÕèà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§ÊÔ觷Õè´éÍ¡ÇèÒáÅзÓÃéÒ¼Ù餹ã¹àªÔ§ÈÑ¡ÂÀÒ¾ «Öè§ã¹¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§ Áѹ¤×ͼżÅÔµÍѹ˹Ö觢ͧÊ×èÍÊÒÃÁÇŪ¹·Õèä´éÃѺ¡Òôٶ١´ÙËÁÔè¹ ºÃôҼÙéÁÕ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ·Ñé§ËÅÒ¤ԴÇèҾǡà¢Ò¨Ðµéͧ·Ó˹éÒ·Õ軡»éͧ¼Ù餹¨Ò¡¼Å¡Ãзºã¹àªÔ§·ÓÅÒ¢ͧÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹µèӾǡ¹Õé. ´éÇÂà˵آéÒ§µé¹ Íѹ´Ñºáá¢Í§¡ÒÃÊ͹à¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧÊ×èÍ¡ç¤×ÍãªéÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒûÅÙ¡½ÕËÃ×Í©Õ´ÇѤ«Õ¹ãËé¡Ñº¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ¹Ñè¹àͧ

 

ºÃôҤÃÙºÒÍÒ¨ÒÃÂì·Ñé§ËÅÒ¨ÐÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì¡ÒüÅÔµÊ×èÍÊÒÃÁÇŪ¹ã¹ªÑé¹àÃÕ¹ â´ÂÁըشÁØè§ËÁÒ·Õè¨ÐáÊ´§ãËé¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ·Ñé§ËÅÒÂàËç¹ÇèÒÁѹªÑèÇÃéÒÂÍÂèÒ§äà Áѹà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¶Ù¡æ äÃé¤Ø³¤èÒ áÅÐà»ç¹ÍѹµÃÒÂÍÂèÒ§·ÕèÁѹà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§äúéÒ§. ÁÕ¡ÒäԴ¡Ñ¹ÇèÒ â´Â¡ÒÃãËé¤ÇÒÁÃÙéá¡è¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒà¾Õ§àÅ硹éÍÂà¡ÕèÂǡѺÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹µèÓ ¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ·Ñé§ËÅÒ¨Ðä´éÃѺ¡Òû¡»éͧËÃ×Í©Õ´ÇѤ«Õ¹¤ØéÁ¡Ñ¹ à·Õº¡Ñ¹¡Ñº·ÕèàÃÒ»ÅÙ¡½Õà¾×èÍ»éͧ¡Ñ¹âäâ´Â¡ÒÃãªéÂÒ©Õ´ã¹»ÃÔÁÒ³à¾Õ§àÅ硹éÍÂà·èÒ¹Ñé¹

 

¤ÇÒÁµÃ§¢éÒÁ¡Ñ¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹ÊÙ§áÅÐÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹µèÓÂѧ¤§à»ç¹¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õè¼Ù餹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡ä´éÃѺ áÅÐà»ç¹Ë¹·Ò§·Õè¼Ù餹àËÅèÒ¹Ñ鹤Դà¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧÊ×èÍ ¤ÇÒÁµÃ§¢éÒÁ¡Ñ¹¹Ñé¹ à»ç¹Êèǹ˹Ö觢ͧ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§Êѧ¤Á·Õèáºè§á¡·Ò§ª¹ªÑé¹¢Öé¹ÁÒ -ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹ÊÙ§à»ç¹»ÃÔÁ³±Å¢Í§ª¹ªÑé¹»¡¤ÃͧáÅЪ¹ªÑ鹡ÅÒ§ ¡ÃЮØÁ¾Õ ÊèǹÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹µèÓ ¤×Í°Ò¹·ÕèÁÑ蹢ͧª¹ªÑ鹤¹§Ò¹·Ñé§ËÅÒÂ

 

áµè¤ÇÒÁ¹èÒʹ㨢ͧÁѹ·Õè¤Çúѹ·Ö¡¶Ö§à»ç¹àÃ×èͧ·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ¤×Í ·Ñ駾ǡ “͹ØÃÑ¡Éì¹ÔÂÁ»Õ¡¢ÇÒ”áÅоǡ  “ËÑÇÃعáç»Õ¡«éÒ”µèÒ§äÁèàËç¹´éÇÂáÅÐäÁè¾Í㨡ѺÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹µèÓáÅÐÊ×èÍÊÒÃÁÇŪ¹á¹Ç»êÍ»

 

- ¾Ç¡»Õ¡¢ÇÒÁͧÇèÒÊ×èÍä´éãËéÍÒËÒÃÃÒ¤Ò¶Ù¡ à»ç¹àÃ×èͧ©Ù´©Ò´·Õè»ÃÒȨҡÃÒ¤Ò¤èҧǴ ¤ÇÒÁÃ×è¹àÃÔ§ºÑ¹à·Ô§ã¨·ÕèªÑèǪéÒ

 

- Êèǹ¾Ç¡»Õ¡«éÒÂÁͧÁѹ㹰ҹзÕèà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§ÅÙ¡¡ÇÒ´·Ò§¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ ·ÕèÁÒ·ÓãËéºÃôҤ¹§Ò¹·Ñé§ËÅÒÂä¢Çéà¢Ç¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁ¤Ñº¢éͧ㨷ҧ¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò

 

áµèÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁ ¹Ñº¨Ò¡»Õ·ÈÇÃÃÉ·Õè 1970s à»ç¹µé¹ÁÒ ä´éÁÕ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒà¡ÕèÂǡѺÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ »êÍ»»ÔÇÅèÒÃìà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹Áҡ㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒàÃ×èͧà¡ÕèÂǡѺÊ×èÍ ÊèǹãË­èà¹×èͧÁÒ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁµéͧ¡Ò÷Õè¨Ðà¢éÒ㨾ÅÇѵµèÒ§æ¢Í§¼ÙéÃѺÊ×èͨӹǹÁËÒÈÒŹÑè¹àͧ ·ÕèãËé¤ÇÒÁʹ㨵èÍÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ»êÍ»»ÔÇÅèÒÃì -´Ñ§·Õè¼Ù餹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡¡ÓÅѧºÃÔâÀ¤à¹×éÍËҢͧÊ×èÍÍÂÙè Áѹ¨Ö§à»ç¹ÊÔè§ÊӤѭ·Õè¨Ðµéͧ·Ó¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒ㨶֧ÊÔè§àËÅèÒ¹Õé áµèÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁ Áѹà»ç¹¤ÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁÍѹ˹Ö觷Õè¨Ð·ÓãËéÇѲ¹ÃÃÁ»êÍ»»ÔÇÅèÒÃìã¹µÑÇÁѹàͧÁÕà˵ؼŢÖé¹ÁÒ áÅÐËÅÕ¡àÅÕ觷Õè¨Ð»Ô´»éÒÂÁѹ㹰ҹзÕèà»ç¹ºÒ§ÊÔ觺ҧÍÂèÒ§·Õè´éͤèÒ¡ÇèÒÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁªÑé¹ÊÙ§

 

 

 

¸ØáԨ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìà»ç¹¡Ô¨¡Ò÷Õè´Óà¹Ô¹¡ÒÃâ´ÂàÍ¡ª¹

¨Ñ´à»ç¹¡ÒÃŧ·Ø¹ª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ »ÃСͺ´éÇÂͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ 3 »ÃСÒÃ

 

1.¡ÒÃŧ·Ø¹

 

2.¡ÒüÅÔµ

 

3.¡ÒõÅÒ´

 

ͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ·Ñé§ 3 »ÃСÒÃà»ç¹»Ñ¨¨ÑÂàº×éͧµé¹ ·Õè¨Ð·ÓãËé¸ØáԨà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ä´é ËÒ¡¢Ò´¢éÍ˹Ö觢éÍã´ä»¡ç¨Ð·ÓãËé¡Ô¨¡ÒùÑé¹ËÂØ´ªÐ§Ñ¡ áÁéÇèÒÇѵ¶Ø»ÃÐʧ¤ìãË­è¢Í§¡Ô¨¡ÒÃ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì ¤×Í ¡ÒÃàÊ¹Í "¢èÒÇ" (news) áÅФÇÒÁà»ç¹¢èÒÇ (newsy) «Öè§äÁèÇèҨмÅÔµÍÂèÒ§äà ËÒ¡ÊÒÁÒöʹͧµÍºà»éÒËÁÒÂËÅÑ¡¹ÕéáÅéÇ¡ç¶×ÍÇèÒà»ç¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì·Õè´Õä´é áµèâ´ÂÍÓ¹Ò¨¡ÒÃá¢è§¢Ñ¹·Ò§¸ØáԨ áÅФÇÒÁà¨ÃÔ­¡éÒÇ˹éҷҧ෤â¹âÅÂÕÊÁÑÂãËÁè·ÓãËéà¡Ô´ÀÒÇСÒÃŧ·Ø¹·ÕèÊÙ§¢Öé¹ àªè¹ ÍØ»¡Ã³ì à¤Ã×èͧÁ×Í¡ÒÃÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ ¡ÒþÔÁ¾ì ¡ÒüÅÔµ µÅÍ´¨¹¡Òâ¹Êè§ ¤Á¹Ò¤Á à·¤â¹âÅÂÕÁÕÊèǹªèÇÂãËé¡Ò÷ӧҹã¹Í§¤ì¡Ã˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìÃÇ´àÃçÇ ÁÕ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾ÊÙ§¢Öé¹ ¤ÇÒÁ«Ñº«é͹¢Í§à·¤â¹âÅÂÕµèÒ§æ ÃÇÁµÅÍ´¶Ö§ÀÒÇЫѺ«é͹·Ò§¡ÒõÅÒ´·Õè¨ÐµéͧÍÒÈѤÇÒÁÃÙé·Ò§¡ÒúÃÔËÒáÒõÅÒ´ÍÂèÒ§ÁÕÃкºÁÒ¡¢Öé¹

 

´Ñ§¹Ñ鹸ØáԨ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì¨Ö§à»ç¹ÊÔ觷ÕèäÁè§èÒ¹ѡã¹Êѧ¤Á»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹ ¡ÅèÒǡѹÇèÒ ËÒ¡¨Ðŧ·Ø¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìÊÑ¡©ºÑº·Ø¡Çѹ¹Õé¨Óà»ç¹µéͧÁÕà§Ô¹·Ø¹äÁèµèÓ¡ÇèÒÊÔºÅéÒ¹ºÒ·¢Öé¹ä» ÍÂèÒ§äáçµÒÁ ¤ÇÒÁà¨ÃÔ­¢Í§à·¤â¹âÅÂÕÊÁÑÂãËÁè à»ç¹áç¼ÅÑ¡´Ñ¹ÊӤѭ㹴éÒ¹¡ÒþѲ¹Ò¤Ø³ÀÒ¾ áÅÐÃÙ»Åѡɳì¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìãËé¹èÒÍèÒ¹ÁÒ¡¢Öé¹àªè¹¡Ñ¹ ͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ·Ñé§ 3 ÍÂèÒ§¨Ö§à»ç¹ÊÔ觷Õèá¡äÁèÍÍ¡ µéͧ仴éÇ¡ѹàÊÁÍ

 

¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Ñé¹ Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìÂѧÁÕÅѡɳоÔàÈÉᵡµèÒ§¨Ò¡¸ØáԨ·ÑèÇ令×Í à»ç¹¡Ô¨¡Ò÷Õè»ÃСͺ¢Öé¹´éǺؤ¤Å 3 ½èÒ ä´éá¡è

 

1. ¼Ùéŧ·Ø¹ ËÃ×Íà¨éҢͧ

 

2. ¼Ùé¨Ñ´·Ó

 

3. ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹

 

ºØ¤¤Å·Ñé§ 3 ¹Õé ¨ÐµéͧÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÊÍ´¤Åéͧ¡Ñ¹ÍÂÙèµÅÍ´àÇÅÒ äÁèÇèÒ¨Ðâ´ÂÀÒÃÐ˹éÒ·Õè¤ÇÒÁÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº ËÃ×Í¡ÒáÓ˹´¹âºÒ â´ÂÁÕà»éÒËÁÒÂÊӤѭ¤×ÍÊÒÁÒö·Ó˹éÒ·ÕèãËé¢èÒÇÊÒà áÅСÃдѺÀÙÁԻѭ­Ò¢Í§¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ã¹Êѧ¤Á ¶éÒ¨Ðà»ÃÕº˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìà»ç¹"ÊÔ¹¤éÒ" "¼ÙéÍèÒ¹" ¡ç¤×Í µÅÒ´ËÃ×ÍÅÙ¡¤éÒ·ÕèËÇѧÊ×èÍ·Ñ駤ÇÒÁÃÙéáÅлѭ­Ò¨Ò¡¼Ùé·Ó˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì ã¹Êèǹ¹Õéàͧ·Õè·ÓãËé˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹¸ØáԨ·ÕèÁդسÅѡɳÐᵡµèÒ§¨Ò¡¸ØáԨ¸ÃÃÁ´Ò ¤×Íà»ç¹¸ØáԨ "»ÃÐ˹Öè§Ê¶ÒºÑ¹ÊÒ¸ÒóÐ" ·ÕèÁաóÕ¡ԨṺà¹×èͧ¡ÑºÊѧ¤Á à»ç¹·Ñé§à¾×è͹¼Ùé¹Ó·Ò§ áÅÐÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑ¢ͧ»ÃЪҪ¹ Âѧ»ÃÒ¡¯·Ñ駺·ºÒ·áÅÐÍÔ·¸Ô¾Å ·ÕèÍÒ¨à¡Ô´¢Öé¹µèͼÙéÍèÒ¹ ·Ñ駴éÒ¹ÃʹÔÂÁ ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´ áÅоĵԡÃÃÁ à»ç¹¡ÃШ¡Êзé͹Êѧ¤ÁºÒ¹ãË­èºÒ¹Ë¹Ö觷Õà´ÕÂÇ

 

¡ÒèѴͧ¤ì¡Ã¡Ò÷ӧҹ¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì

 

â´Â¡ÒÃáºè§ÀÒÃФÇÒÁÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºã¹¡Ò÷ӧҹ áÅÐÅѡɳоÔàÈɢͧ§Ò¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì ¨Ö§ä´éÁÕ¡ÒÃáºè§á¡¡Ò÷ӧҹ¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìÍÍ¡à»ç¹ 3 ½èÒÂËÅÑ¡æáµè¨ÐÁÕ¢¹Ò´áµ¡µèÒ§¡Ñ¹ä»ºéÒ§ ¡ç¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö㹡ÒÃŧ·Ø¹¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìáµèÅЩºÑº ͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ·Ñé§ 3 »ÃСͺ´éÇÂ

 

1. ½èÒºÃóҸԡÒà ( Editorial Department )

 

2. ½èÒ¨Ѵ¡Òà ( Business Department )

 

3. ½èÒ¼ÅÔµ ( Mechanical Department )

 

¢¹Ò´¢Í§·Ñé§ 3 ½èÒ¨ÐᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹µÒÁ¢¹Ò´¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìáÅСÒÃŧ·Ø¹ ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì¢¹Ò´ãË­è¨ÐÁպؤÅÒ¡ÃÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ ¢ºÇ¹¡ÒüÅÔµ ÍØ»¡Ã³ì·Ñ¹ÊÁÑ«Ѻ«é͹¡ÇèÒ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì¢¹Ò´àÅç¡ ¢Íºà¢µË¹éÒ·Õè¢Í§áµèÅнèÒ»ÃСͺ´éÇ 1. ½èÒºÃóҸԡÒà ( Editorial Department ) ÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºà¡ÕèÂǡѺà¹×éÍËÒÊÒÃТͧ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì ·Ñ駩ºÑº·Õèà»ç¹àÃ×èͧÃÒÇÊÓËÃѺÍèÒ¹ ( reading matter) µÑé§áµè¡ÒÃáÊǧËÒÃǺÃÇÁ¨Ñ´àµÃÕÂÁµé¹©ºÑº·Ø¡»ÃÐàÀ· àªè¹ ¢èÒÇ (ã¹»ÃÐà·ÈáÅеèÒ§»ÃÐà·È) º·¤ÇÒÁ ÊÒä´Õ º·ºÃóҸԡÒà ÀÒ¾¡ÒÃìµÙ¹ µé¹©ºÑº·Õè¶Ù¡Êè§ÁÒÂѧ¡Í§ºÃóҸԡÒèÐä´éÃѺ¡ÒþԨÒÃ³Ò ÇÔ¹Ô¨©Ñ ¤Ø³¤èÒ ¤Ñ´àÅ×Í¡ µÃǨÊͺ¤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéͧ à¢Õ¹ãËéàËÁÒÐÊÁã¹ÃٻẺ·Õèµéͧ¹ÓàʹÍã¹ÃٻẺ¢Í§¢èÒÇ ËÃ×ͺ·¤ÇÒÁ ¾Ò´ËÑÇ¢èÒÇ ãËéµÑÇÍÑ¡Éà ¡è͹¨ÐÊè§ä»Âѧ·Õè½èÒ¡ÒþÔÁ¾ì ¡ÅèÒǧèÒÂæ¤×Í ¡Í§ºÃóҸԡÒÃÁÕÀÒÃÐâ´ÂµÃ§ã¹¡ÒÃàµÃÕÂÁµé¹©ºÑºà¹×éÍËÒ ·Ø¡»ÃÐàÀ·¡è͹¨ÐÊè§ä»¾ÔÁ¾ìà»ç¹©ºÑºÊÁºÙóì

 

˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìâ´Â·ÑèÇ仨ШѴáºè§ÊèǹÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºã¹¡Í§ºÃóҸԡÒÃÍÍ¡à»ç¹½èÒÂÂèÍÂæ ¤×Í ½èÒ¢èÒÇã¹»ÃÐà·È ½èÒ¢èÒǵèÒ§»ÃÐà·È ½èÒªèÒ§ÀÒ¾ ½èÒº·¤ÇÒÁ ½èÒ¡ÕÌÒ ½èÒºÃÃ³Ò¸Ô¡Ã³ì ½èÒ¨Ѵ˹éÒ ·Ñé§ËÁ´¹Õé¨Ñ´áºè§µÒÁ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃáÅФÇÒÁÊдǡ㹡Òà ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìáµèÅЩºÑº

 

2. ½èÒ¨Ѵ¡Òà ( Business Department ) ½èÒ¹ÕéÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºâ´ÂµÃ§·Ò§´éÒ¹¸ØáԨ¡ÒèѴ¡ÒáÒõÅÒ´ à¾×èÍãËé˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìÁÕÃÒÂä´éÊÒÁÒöàÅÕ駵ÑÇàͧä´éáÅÐãËé˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì件֧Á×ͼÙéÍèÒ¹ãËéÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ àÃçÇ·ÕèÊØ´ ¤Ãͺ¤ÅØÁ¶Ö§¡ÒèѴ¨Ó˹èÒ ËÒÊÁÒªÔ¡ ¡ÒúѭªÕ ¢ÒÂà¹×éÍ·Õèâ¦É³Ò ºØ¤ÅÒ¡Ã áÅСÒâ¹Êè§ ¡ÒúÃÔËÒçҹ·Ò§¸ØáԨ ¹ÑºÇèÒà»ç¹ËÑÇã¨ÊӤѭÊÓËÃѺ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹ à¾ÃÒСÒþѲ¹Ò ¡ÒÃá¢è§¢Ñ¹·Ò§¸ØáԨ·ÓãËéµéͧÍÒÈÑÂËÅÑ¡¡ÒúÃÔËÒ÷ÕèãªéËÅÑ¡ÇԪҷѹÊÁÑ ¨Ö§¨ÐÊÒÁÒöÊÙé¡ÑºÀÒÇСÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§¢Í§¡ÒõÅÒ´ÍÂèÒ§ÃÇ´àÃçÇ â´Â੾ÒÐÍÂèÒ§ÂÔ觡ÒÃâ¦É³Ò ·Ñ駡ÒÃâ¦É³ÒµÑÇ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìàͧ áÅСÒâÒÂà¹×éÍ·Õèâ¦É³Ò ½èÒ¨ѴËÒâ¦É³Ò µéͧÁÕ»ÃÐʺ¡Òóì¡ÇéÒ§¢ÇÒ§ ÊÒÁÒö·Ó§Ò¹»ÃÐÊÒ¹¡Ñº½èÒºÃóҸԡÒõÅÍ´àÇÅÒ ËÒäÁèáÅéÇÍÒ¨ÁռšÃзº¶Ö§ÃÒÂä´é¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì·Ñ駩ºÑºä´é à¾ÃÒÐÃÒÂä´é¨Ò¡¡ÒÃâ¦É³Ò¡çÂѧ¶×Íà»ç¹àÊé¹àÅ×Í´ãË­è¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì ½èÒ¨Ѵ¡ÒÃÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭÂÔè§ã¹¡ÒÃÇҧἹ¾Ñ²¹Ò¡ÒøØáԨ¡ÒõÅÒ´ áÅÐÊè§àÊÃÔÁ¡ÒâÒÂãËé¡éÒÇ˹éÒÍÂÙèµÅÍ´àÇÅÒ

 

3. ½èÒ¡ÒüÅÔµ ( Mechanical Department ) ÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº´éÒ¹¡ÒþÔÁ¾ì à¾×èÍãËé˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìàÊÃç¨ÅØÅèǧÍÍ¡ÁÒà»ç¹©ºÑºÊÁºÙóì¾ÃéÍÁ·Õè¨ÐÍÍ¡ÇÒ§µÅÒ´ä´é Êèǹ¹Õé»ÃСͺ´éÇ ¡ÒÃàÃÕ§¾ÔÁ¾ì ·ÓºÅçÍ¡ µÃǨ»ÃÙê¿ ·Óà¾Å· ÏÅÏ ã¹Ãкº¡ÒþÔÁ¾ìẺàŵàµÍÃìà¾ÃÊ ( Letterpress ) ½èÒ¡ÒþÔÁ¾ìµéͧãªéÁ×Í㹡ÒÃàÃÕ§µÑÇÍÑ¡Éà ·ÓºÅçÍ¡ «Öè§ÂØè§ÂÒ¡áÅÐÅèÒªéÒ »Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹Ãкº¡ÒþÔÁ¾ì¡éÒÇ˹éҷѹÊÁÑ¢Öé¹ÁÒ¡ ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìÊèǹãË­è¨ÐãªéÃкº¾ÔÁ¾ìẺÍÍ¿à«· (Off-set) ãªéµÑÇàÃÕ§¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì ·ÓãËé¡ÒüÅÔµ§Ò¹¾ÔÁ¾ìÃÇ´àÃçÇ ÊÐÍÒ´¢Öé¹ÁÒ¡ áÅÐÊÒÁÒö¼ÅԵ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì à»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡ÀÒÂã¹ÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒÍѹÊÑé¹ ÁÕ¼ÅãËé¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒÇÃÇ´àÃçÇ ·Ñ¹ÊÁÑ »ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì´Õ¢Ö鹡ÇèÒáµè¡è͹ÁÒ¡ áµè¡çÁռŷÓãËé¡ÒÃŧ·Ø¹ÊÙ§¢Öé¹ Í§¤ì¡Ã·Ñé§ 3 ½èÒ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭäÁèÂÔè§ËÂè͹¡Ñ¹ µèÒ§½èÒµèÒ§µéͧ»ÃÐÊÒ¹§Ò¹¡Ñ¹ÍÂèÒ§ã¡ÅéªÔ´ à¾ÃÒÐËÒ¡¢Ò´½èÒÂ˹Ö觽èÒÂã´ä» ËÃ×ͽèÒÂ˹Ö觽èÒÂã´ÅèÒªéÒ¡ç¨Ð·ÓãËé˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìäÁèÊÒÁÒöÍÍ¡·Ñ¹àÇÅÒ ¡Ò÷Ó˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìà»ç¹§Ò¹·Õè·Ó¡Ñ¹à»ç¹·ÕÁ á¢è§¡ÑºàÇÅÒ µéͧ¡ÒäÇÒÁÃÇ´àÃçÇ ¤Ó·Õèãªé¡Ñ¹¤Øé¹à¤Â㹧ҹ¾ÔÁ¾ì¡ç¤×Í " Deadline " á»ÅÇèÒ "àÊé¹µÒÂ" §Ò¹·Ø¡ªÔé¹µéͧ¾ÃéÍÁ¡è͹¡Ó˹´àÊé¹µÒ ËÒ¡¢Ò´¤ÇÒÁʹ㨵èÍà§×è͹àÇÅÒÍѹ¹ÕéáÅéÇ¡ç¨Ð·ÓãËé§Ò¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì¢Ò´»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾ Ê觼Ŷ֧¤ÇÒÁÅèÒªéÒáÅФÇÒÁäÁè·Ñ¹ÊÁÑÂ㹡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹà˵ءÒóì à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡à»éÒËÁÒ¸ØáԨ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì ¤×Í¡Òû¯ÔºÑµÔÀÒÃСԨà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃãËé¢èÒÇÊÒà ¤ÇÒÁÃÙé ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´àËç¹á¡è¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ ¡ÒèѴÁҵðҹ¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì «Öè§ÁÑ¡¨Ð¨Ñ´¡Ñ¹·Õèà¹×éÍËÒ¢èÒÇÊÒÃà»ç¹»ÃСÒÃÊӤѭ¡è͹ ¨Ö§¨ÐÊÒÁÒö·ÓãËé¡ÒüÅÔµáÅСÒõÅÒ´´Õ¢Öé¹ä´é ©Ð¹Ñé¹ã¹·Õè¹Õé¨Ö§¢Í¡ÅèÒÇ ¶Ö§¢Íºà¢µ¡Ò÷ӧҹ㹤ÇÒÁÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº¢Í§¡Í§ºÃóҸԡÒÃà¾Õ§ÍÂèÒ§à´ÕÂÇ à¾×èÍãËé¼ÙéÈÖ¡ÉÒä´éàËç¹ÀÒ¾·Õèá·é¨ÃÔ§¢Í§¡Ò÷Ó˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìÍÂèÒ§¡ÇéÒ§æ

 

¤ÇÒÁÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºã¹¡Í§ºÃóҸԡÒÃ

 

ÅѡɳСÒÃáºè§á¡ͧ¤ì¡Ã˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìÊèǹãË­è¨Ð¤ÅéÒ¤ÅÖ§¡Ñ¹ ÁÕÊÒ¡ÒúÃÔËÒçҹäÁèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¡¹Ñ¡ ã¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§¡ÒèѴÃٻẺµÒÁ¤ÇÒÁÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºÁÕÅѡɳеÒÁá¼¹ÀÙÁÔ¡ÇéÒ§æ´Ñ§¹Õé

 

ºÃóҸԡÒÃãË­è

 

ºÃóҸԡÒúÃÔËÒÃ

 

¡Í§ºÃóҸԡÒà ¡Í§¨Ñ´¡Òà ¡Í§¡ÒüÅÔµ 1. ½èÒ¢èÒÇã¹»ÃÐà·È 1.½èÒºؤ¤Å 1.àÃÕ§¾ÔÁ¾ì 2. ½èÒ¢èÒǵèÒ§»ÃÐà·È 2.½èÒ¨Ѵ¨Ó˹èÒ 2.·ÓºÅçͤ 3. ½èÒ¢èÒǵèÒ§¨Ñ§ËÇÑ´ 3.½èÒ¨ѴËÒâ¦É³Ò 3.¶èÒÂà¾Å· 4. ½èÒ¢èÒÇ¡ÕÌÒ 4.½èÒÂÊè§àÊÃÔÁ¡ÒâÒ 4.¾ÔÁ¾ì 5. ½èÒ¢èÒÇʵÃÕ 5.à¢éÒàÅèÁ 6. ½èÒ¢èÒÇàÈÃÉ°¡Ô¨ ÏÅÏ 7. ½èÒ¢èÒÇ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ 8. ½èÒº·¤ÇÒÁ·ÑèÇä» 9. ½èÒÂÀÒ¾¶èÒ 10.½èÒºÃóҸԡóì 11.½èÒ¨Ѵ˹éÒ 12.ËéͧÊÁØ´

 

¡ÒèѴ¤ÇÒÁÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº¢Í§áµèÅнèÒ ÍÒ¨à¾ÔèÁËÃ×͵Ѵ·Í¹ã¹ºÒ§Êèǹ ¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡Ñº¢Õ´¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¢Í§¡ÒÃŧ·Ø¹¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìáµèÅЩºÑº ã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì¢¹Ò´àÅç¡ÍÒ¨ÃÇÁàÍÒ˹éÒ·ÕèºÒ§Êèǹà¢éÒ´éÇ¡ѹ ã¹¢³Ð·Õè˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì¢¹Ò´ãË­èà¾ÔèÁ˹éÒ·ÕèºÒ§Êèǹ¢Öé¹ à¾×èÍãËéàËÁÒÐÊÁ¡Ñº¡ÓÅѧ¤¹áÅФÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö㹡ÒüÅÔµ ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì¢¹Ò´¡ÅÒ§¢Öé¹ä»ÁÑ¡¨ÐÁÕËéͧÊÁØ´·ÕèàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ "morgue" à»ç¹¢Í§µ¹àͧÊÓËÃѺ¤é¹¤ÇéÒ¢éÍÁÙÅàÁ×è͵éͧ¡Òà µÅÍ´¨¹à¡çºÊ¶ÔµÔÊӤѭæäÇéà»ç¹¢éÍÁÙŤ鹤ÇéÒ㹡ÒÃà¢Õ¹¢èÒÇ áÅк·¤ÇÒÁ

 

¡Ò÷ӧҹ㹡ͧºÃóҸԡÒÃ

 

ÃٻẺ¡Ò÷ӧҹ㹡ͧºÃóҸԡÒâͧ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì¨Ð¤ÅéÒ¤ÅÖ§¡Ñ¹ ¶Ö§áÁéÇèÒÍÒ¨¨ÐäÁèàËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹ËÁ´àÊÕ·Õà´ÕÂÇ áµèá¹Ç¡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§¢Í§¢èÒÇ ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìáµèÅÐÊèǹ¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì ÁÕÅѡɳСÒ÷ӧҹ¤ÅéÒ¡ѹâ´ÂËÅÑ¡ãË­èæ´Ñ§á¼¹ÀÙÁÔµèÍ仹Õé ( á¹Ç¡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§¢Í§¢èÒÇ㹡ͧºÃóҸԡÒà )

 

à¾×èÍãËéà¢éÒ㨶֧¡Ãкǹ¡Ò÷ӧҹ¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìÃÒÂÇѹ ¨Ð¢Í¡ÅèÒǶ֧¤ÇÒÁÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºã¹µÓá˹è§ÊÓ¤Ñ­æ «Öè§áºè§¤ÇÒÁÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº¢Íºà¢µà¹×éÍËÒà»ç¹Ë¹éÒæ ä» à¾×èÍãËé¤ÇÒÁÊдǡ 㹡ÒþԨÒóÒà¹×éÍËÒŧ¾ÔÁ¾ì¤ÅèͧµÑÇÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ áµèã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì¢¹Ò´àÅç¡ÍÒ¨µÑ´µÓá˹觺ҧÊèǹÍÍ¡ àËÅ×Íà¾Õ§µÓá˹觷Õè¨Óà»ç¹ àªè¹ ºÃóҸԡÒúÃÔËÒà ºÃóҸԡÒâèÒÇ ËÑÇ˹éÒ¢èÒÇã¹»ÃÐà·È ¼Ùéà¢Õ¹ àÃÕºàÃÕ§¢èÒÇ ªèÒ§ÀÒ¾ ¼ÙéµÃǨµé¹©ºÑº ¼ÙéµÃǨ»ÃÙê¿ áÅмÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ

 

¢Íºà¢µáÅÐ˹éÒ·Õè¢Í§áµèÅеÓá˹è§

 

ºÃóҸԡÒúÃÔËÒà ( Editor-in-chief) 㹻Ѩ¨ØºÑ¹·Ó˹éÒ·ÕèÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº·Ò§´éÒ¹¸ØáԨ¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì ÇҧἹ´Óà¹Ô¹§Ò¹ãËé˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìÍÂÙèÃÍ´ä´é·Ñ駷ҧ¸ØáԨáÅСÒÃàʹÍà¹×éÍËÒ·Õè´Õ ·Ñ駹Õé à¾ÃÒСÒ÷Ó˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì·Ø¡Çѹ¹Õé¨Óà»ç¹µéͧÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÃÙé·Ò§´éÒ¹¡ÒúÃÔËÒÃÍÂÙè´éÇ ¨Ö§¨ÐªèÇÂãËéà»ç¹¡Ô¨¡Ò÷ÕèÁÕ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾ÍÂÙèÃÍ´ä´é

 

ºÃóҸԡÒúÃÔËÒà (Managing Editor) ·Ó˹éÒ·ÕèÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºã¹¡ÒèѴ¡ÒÃãËé˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìÊÓàÃç¨ÅØÅèǧ ÍÍ¡à»ç¹©ºÑºãËé·Ñ¹àÇÅÒ áÅÐÁÕ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾ ÊÔ觷ÕèºÃóҸԡÒúÃÔËÒà (ËÃ×Í˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìºÒ§©ºÑº¨ÐàÃÕ¡µÓá˹觹ÕéÇèÒ "ËÑÇ˹éҡͧºÃóҸԡÒÃ") ãËé¤ÇÒÁʹã¨â´ÂµÃ§¡ç¤×Í à¹×éÍËÒÊÒÃзÕèà»ç¹¢èÒÇ º·¤ÇÒÁ ÊÒä´Õ ÏÅÏ ¡ÅèÒÇâ´ÂÊÃØ» ¤×ÍÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºà¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧÃÒÇ·ÕèÍèÒ¹ä´é·Ñé§ËÁ´ (reading materials) ¨Ð´ÙáŵÑé§áµè¤Ø³ÀÒ¾¢Í§¢èÒÇ ¡ÒúÃÃ³Ò¸Ô¡Ã³ì ¡ÒèѴ˹éÒ áÅФÇÒÁÃÇ´àÃçÇ㹡ÒüÅԵ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìãËé¶Ö§Á×ͼÙéÍèÒ¹µÒÁàÇÅÒ ºÃóҸԡÒúÃÔËÒèзӧҹÍÂèÒ§ã¡ÅéªÔ´¡ÑººÃóҸԡÒÃãË­è à¾×èÍãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÍ´¤ÅéͧÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñ¹·Ñé§ã¹´éÒ¹¹âºÒ¸ØáԨ áÅйâºÒ¡ÒâèÒÇãËéä»´éÇ¡ѹä´éà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§´Õ

 

ºÃóҸԡÒâèÒÇã¹»ÃÐà·È (City Editor) à»ç¹ËÑÇ˹éÒÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº¢èÒÇã¹»ÃÐà·È·Ñé§ËÁ´ à»ç¹¼ÙéÁͺËÁÒÂãËé¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇä»áÊǧËÒ¢èÒǵÒÁáËÅ觢èÒǵèÒ§æ µÃǨµÃÒ¤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéͧáÅоԨÒóҤѴàÅ×Í¡¢èÒÇ «Öè§Êè§à¢éÒâ´Â¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ ËÒ¡à»ç¹·Õè¾Í㨶١µéͧµÒÁ¤Ø³¤èҢͧ¢èÒÇ¡ç¨ÐÊ觢èÒǪÔé¹¹Ñé¹ µèÍä»ãËéºÃóҸԡÒâèÒÇ(news editor)

 

ºÃóҸԡÒâèÒǵèÒ§»ÃÐà·È (Wire Editor) ÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº¢èÒǵèÒ§»ÃÐà·È »¡µÔ¢èÒǵèÒ§»ÃÐà·È¨Ðä´é¨Ò¡â·Ã¾ÔÁ¾ì ¨Ö§àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ Wire news áµè㹻Ѩ¨ØºÑ¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìºÒ§©ºÑºÊÒÁÒö¨éÒ§¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇä»»ÃШÓã¹µèÒ§»ÃÐà·È à¾×èÍÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒǾÔàÈɺҧÍÂèÒ§ä´é´éÇ ¢èÒǵèÒ§»ÃÐà·È¨Ö§¤Ãͺ¤ÅØÁ¶Ö§¢èÒÇ «Öè§ä´é¨Ò¡â·Ã¾ÔÁ¾ì Êӹѡ¢èÒÇ áÅмÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒǵèÒ§»ÃÐà·Ê˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìà¡×ͺ·Ø¡©ºÑº¨Ðà»ç¹ÊÁÒªÔ¡¢Í§Êӹѡ¢èÒǵèÒ§»ÃÐà·È àªè¹ A.P. (Associated Press) , U.P.I. (United Press International) áÅÐ Reuter à»ç¹µé¹ Êӹѡ¢èÒÇàËÅèÒ¹Õé¨Ð»é͹¢èÒǵèÒ§ æ ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹·ÑèÇâÅ¡¼èÒ¹·Ò§à¤Ã×èͧâ·Ã¾ÔÁ¾ì ¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒǨФѴàÅ×Í¡¢èÒÇ·Õè¹èÒʹã¨ÁÒà¢Õ¹µÒÁÃٻẺ¢Í§¢èÒÇ áÅéÇÊ觵èÍãËéºÃóҸԡÒþԨÒóÒÍÕ¡¤ÃÑé§Ë¹Öè§ à¾×è;ԨÒóÒÇèÒ¤ÇÃŧ¾ÔÁ¾ì¢èÒÇã´ºéÒ§ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé¢èÒǵèÒ§»ÃÐà·ÈÂѧä´é¨Ò¡àÍ¡ÊÒà ¹ÔµÂÊÒà áÅÐ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìµèÒ§»ÃÐà·È à¹×éÍËÒàËÅèÒ¹Õéà»ç¹»ÃÐ⪹ìã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìà¨ÒÐÅÖ¡ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒÃÒ§ҹà˵ءÒóì

 

ºÃóҸԡÒÃÀÒ¾ (Picture Editor) ÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºã¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§ÀÒ¾¶èÒ ÀÒ¾¢èÒÇ ÊÓËÃѺ ŧ¾ÔÁ¾ì ·Ó˹éÒ·Õè¤Ñ´àÅ×Í¡ÀÒ¾¢èÒÇ·ÕèÁդسÀÒ¾Êè§ãËéºÃóҸԡÒâèÒÇ áËÅè§ÀÒ¾¢èÒǨÐä´é¨Ò¡ â·Ã¾ÔÁ¾ìÊè§ÁÒâ´ÂÊӹѡ¾ÔÁ¾ìµèÒ§»ÃÐà·È áÅШҡªèÒ§ÀÒ¾»ÃШӡͧºÃóҸԡÒÃÁÑ¡à»ç¹ÀÒ¾¢èÒÇà¡ÕèÂǡѺà˵ءÒóìµèÒ§ æ ºÒ§¤ÃÑé§ÍÒ¨¨ÐÁÕÀÒ¾Êè§ÁÒâ´ÂªèÒ§ÀÒ¾ÊÁѤÃàÅ蹺ÃóҸԡÒýèÒÂÀÒ¾ ¨Ð·Ó˹éÒ·Õè¾Ô¨ÒóҤس¤èҢͧÀÒ¾ÇèÒÊÁ¤ÇèÐŧ¾ÔÁ¾ìËÃ×ÍäÁè

 

ºÃóҸԡÒâèÒÇ (News Editor) à»ç¹á¡¹ÊӤѭ㹡ÒÃÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº¡Ò÷ӧҹ㹡ͧºÃóҸԡÒÃÃͧŧÁÒ ¨Ò¡ºÃó¸Ô¡ÒúÃÔËÒëÖè§ÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºË¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì·Ñ駩ºÑº ÃÇÁ¶Ö§¡ÒÃà¢Õ¹º·ºÃóҸԡÒà áµèºÃóҸԡÒâèÒǨÐà»ç¹¼ÙéµÑ´ÊԹ㨡ÒþԨÒóÒŧ¾ÔÁ¾ì¢èÒÇáÅÐÀÒ¾·Ñé§ËÁ´

 

ºÃóҸԡÒâèÒǨзӧҹÃèÇÁ¡ÑººÃóҸԡÒýèÒ¨Ѵ˹éÒ Make Up Editor ËÃ×Í Sub-Editor ·Ó˹éÒ·Õè¾Ò´ËÑÇ¢èÒÇ ¨Ñ´Ë¹éÒ ÃÙ»ÀÒ¾ µé¹©ºÑº ãËé˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìÁÕÃÙ»Ãèҧ˹éÒµÒ¹èÒ´ÙáÅйèÒÍèÒ¹ ºÃóҸԡÒâèÒǨÐà»ç¹¼ÙéµÑ´ÊԹ㨠¡Ó˹´ ¤Ñ´àÅ×Í¡¢èÒÇ·ÕèÁդس¤èÒ¹èÒʹ㨠ŧµÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¾ÃéÍÁ¡Ñº¡Ó˹´¤ÇÒÁÊÑé¹-ÂÒǢͧáµèÅТèÒÇãËéàËÁÒÐÊÁ¡Ñºà¹×éÍ·Õè˹éÒ¡ÃдÒÉ áÅéÇÊè§ä»·ÕèâµêеÃǨµé¹©ºÑº¢èÒÇ (Copy desk) ·ÕèâµêйÕé ËÑÇ˹éÒ½èÒµÃǨá¡éµé¹©ºÑº (Slotman) ÃèÇÁ¡Ñº¼Ùé·Ó˹éÒ·ÕèµÃǨ¤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéͧ¢Í§à¹×éÍËÒ ¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§ áÅС®ËÁÒ ¨Ð·Ó˹éÒ·ÕèµÃǨµé¹©ºÑºãËé¶Ù¡µéͧµÃ§¡Ñº¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§ ÀÒÉÒ·ÕèãªéãËé¡ÃЪѺ ¡ÒþҴËÑÇ¢èÒÇ àÁ×è͵ÃǨ¤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéͧàÃÕºÃéÍÂáÅéÇ àÃ×èͧµèÒ§ æ ¨Ð¶Ù¡Êè§ä»ãËéºÃóҸԡÒèѴ˹éÒ ·Ó¡ÒÃà¢éÒ˹éÒãËéàÃÕºÃé͵ÒÁ·Õè¡Ó˹´äÇé áÅéǨ֧Êè§ä»ÂѧËéͧàÃÕ§¾ÔÁ¾ì áÅнèÒ¼ÅÔµµèÍä»

 

¹Í¡à˹×ͨҡ¢èÒÇáÅéÇ à¹×éÍËÒÍ×è¹ æ àªè¹ º·¤ÇÒÁ ÊÒä´Õ º·¤ÇÒÁ¾ÔàÈÉ ÏÅÏ ÍÒ¨¨Ðä´é¨Ò¡¹Ñ¡à¢Õ¹»ÃШӡͧºÃóҸԡÒÃàͧ ËÃ×ͨҡ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ ËÃ×͹ѡà¢Õ¹ÍÔÊÃÐà¹×éÍËÒàËÅèÒ¹Õé¨Ð¼èÒ¹¡ÒþԨÒóÒâ´ÂºÃóҸԡÒõÃǨµé¹©ºÑº (Copy Editor) à¾×è͵ÃǨã¹àªÔ§¢Í§¡®ËÁÒÂÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒÍÂèÒ§Í×è¹ ã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìºÒ§©ºÑºÍÒ¨¼èÒ¹¡ÒþԨÒÃ³Ò â´ÂºÃóҸԡÒú·¤ÇÒÁ ËÃ×ͺÃóҸԡÒ÷ÕèÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºà¡ÕèÂǡѺàÃ×èͧ¹Ñé¹ æ â´ÂµÃ§

 

ËÅÒÂ æ ¤ÃÑ駷Õè¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇÊ觢èÒÇà¢éÒâç¾ÔÁ¾ìâ´ÂµÃ§·Ò§â·ÃÈѾ·ìËÃ×Í·Ò§¨´ËÁÒ (¡Ã³Õ·Õèà»ç¹¢èÒǵèÒ§¨Ñ§ËÇÑ´ä¡Å æ) ¢éÍÁÙÅàËÅèÒ¹Õé¨ÐÁͺËÁÒÂãËé¼Ùé·Ó˹éÒ·Õèà¢Õ¹¢èÒÇ (Rewrite man ËÃ×Í Rewriter) ¼Ùéà¢Õ¹¢èÒÇËÃ×ÍàÃÕºàÃÕ§¢èÒǹÕéÍÂÙè»ÃШÓã¹âç¾ÔÁ¾ì ÁÕ»ÃÐʺ¡ÒóìáÅФÇÒÁªÓ¹Ò­ã¹§Ò¹¡ÒÃÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇà¢Õ¹¢èÒÇÁÒ¡è͹ ¨Ö§¨ÐÊÒÁÒöà¢Õ¹¢èÒÇä´é¶Ù¡µéͧµÃ§¡ÑºàÍ¡Åѡɳì¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì

 

¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ (Reporters) à»ç¹ºØ¤¤Åáá·Õè·Ó˹éÒ·ÕèÃǺÃÇÁÃÒ§ҹ¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§µÒÁà˵ءÒóì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ §Ò¹¢Í§¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ¡ç¤×Í¡ÒÃÍ͡仵ÃÐàǹËÒ¢èÒǵÒÁáËÅ觵èÒ§ æ â´Â»¡µÔ¨Ðáºè§à»ç¹ÊÒ æ àªè¹ ÊÒÂÁËÒ´ä·Â ÊÒ·Óà¹Õº ÊÒ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ ÊÒÂàÈÃÉ°¡Ô¨ ÏÅÏ àÁ×èÍÁÕà˵ءÒóìà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ ¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒǨÐãªé¤ÇÒÁÃÙé¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö·Ò§¡ÒûÃÐàÁÔ¹ÇÔ¹Ô¨©Ñ¤س¤èÒ¢èÒÇ·Õè¹èÒʹã¨ÊÓËÃѺ¼ØéÍèÒ¹ÁÒÃÒ§ҹ ãËé¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§ã¹ÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕ´Êè§ãËéËÑÇ˹éÒ¢èÒÇËÃ×ͺÃóҸԡÒâèÒÇ à¾×èÍà¢Õ¹µÒÁÃٻẺ¢Í§¢èÒǵèÍä» ¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒǨ֧à»ç¹´èÒ¹áá·Õè¨ÐÇÔ¹Ô¨©Ñ¹Óà˵ءÒóì·ÕèàËÁÒÐÊÁÁÒÃÒ§ҹ ¤ÇÒÁÃÙé¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨ã¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§ "¢èÒÇ" ¨Ö§à»ç¹ÊÔè§ÊӤѭ

 

ã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìºÒ§©ºÑº¨Ð¨Ñ´áºè§¡ÅØèÁ¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇÍÍ¡à»ç¹ 2 »ÃÐàÀ·¤×Í

 

1.¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ·ÑèÇä» (General Assignment Reporter) ·Ó˹éÒ·ÕèËÒ¢èÒÇ·ÑèÇä» äÁèÁØè§à©¾ÒлÃÐàÀ·¢èÒÇÊÒÂ˹Öè§ÊÒÂã´ áÅéÇáµèÇèÒ¨Ðä´éÃѺÁͺËÁÒ¨ҡºÃóҸԡÒà ¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ»ÃÐàÀ·¹Õé ÍÒ¨ÃÒ§ҹà˵ءÒóìã¹ÅѡɳТͧ¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì¢èÒÇ à¢Õ¹¤ÍÅÑÁ¹ì´éÇ àÁ×èÍÁÕà˵ءÒóì¾ÔàÈÉà¡Ô´¢Öé¹áÅÐ ä´éÃѺÁͺËÁÒ¡çÊÒÁÒöÍÍ¡ä»·Ó¢èÒÇä´é·Ñ¹·Õ ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨Ö§µéͧÁÕ¤ÇÒÁªÓ¹Ò­ »ÃÐʺ¡ÒÃ³ì ¤ÅèͧµÑǾÍÊÁ¤ÇÃ㹡ÒÃÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ ÊèǹÁÒ¡ÁÑ¡¨Ðà»ç¹ºØ¤¤Å·ÕèÁÕ»ÃÐʾ¡Òóì¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒÇÁÒ¡è͹ ¨Ö§ÊÒÁÒöµÑ´ÊÔ¹ã¨áÊǧËÒ»ÃÐà´ç¹¢èÒÇ·Õè¹èÒʹã¨ä´éÍÂèÒ§¶Ù¡µéͧ

 

2.¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ»ÃÐ¨Ó (Beat Reporter ËÃ×Í Special Assignment Reporter) ÁÕ˹éÒ·ÕèÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇà»ç¹ËÅÑ¡ãË­è ä´éÃѺ¡Òý֡½¹ãËéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁªÓ¹Ò­ã¹¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒÇä´éà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§´Õ ÁÑ¡¨Ðä´éÃѺÁͺËÁÒÂãËéä»ËÒ¢èÒÇ»ÃШӵÒÁáËÅ觵èÒ§ æ àªè¹ ¡ÃзÃǧÁËÒ´ä·Â ·Óà¹ÕºÃÑ°ºÒÅ ¡ÃзÃǧÈÖ¡ÉÒ ËÃ×Í ¡ÃзÃǧÊÒ¸ÒóÊØ¢ à»ç¹µé¹ ¡ÅèÒÇÍÕ¡¹ÑÂ˹Ö觡ç¤×Í »ÃШӵÒÁÊÒµèÒ§ æ àªè¹ ÊÒ¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ ÊÒÂàÈÃÉ°¡Ô¨ ÏÅÏ ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¨Ö§µéͧÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÃÙé¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨ã¹áµèÅÐàÃ×èͧ·Õèµ¹ÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºÍÂÙèÍÂèÒ§ÅÖ¡«Öé§ µÅÍ´¨¹ªÓ¹Ò­ã¹à·¤¹Ô¤¡ÒÃà¨ÒТèÒÇà¾×èÍÃÒ§ҹ

 

˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìà»ç¹¸ØáԨ·ÕèµéͧÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹ á¢è§¡ÑºàÇÅÒ ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¡ÒÃÃÙé¨Ñ¡¢Ñ鹵͹ ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒüÅԵ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì¨Ö§à»ç¹Êèǹ˹Ö觷Õè¨ÐªèÇÂãËé¡Ò÷ӧҹÊÍ´¤ÅéͧÃÇ´àÃçÇ¢Öé¹ ¶Ö§áÁéÇèÒ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìáµèÅЩºÑºÍÒ¨¨Ñ´Í§¤ì¡ÃᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ã¹¤ÇÒÁÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº»ÅÕ¡ÂèÍ áµèâ´ÂËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃáÅéÇ ÁÑ¡¨ÐÁÕá¹Ç¡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§¢Í§¢èÒÇäÁèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹

 

á¹Ç¡ÒÃà´Ô¹·Ò§¢Í§¢èÒÇ

 

àÁ×èͼÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ«Öè§à»ç¹ºØ¤¤Åáá·ÕèÊÑÁ¼ÑʡѺà˵ءÒóì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÀÒ¹͡à»ç¹»ÃÐ¨Ó ¨Ðà»ç¹¼ÙéÃǺÃÇÁ¢éÍÁÙÅ ¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§·Ñé§ËÁ´ ¹ÓÁÒà¢Õ¹à»ç¹¢èÒÇÊè§ãËé¡ÑºËÑÇ˹éÒ¢èÒÇ ËÃ×ͺÃóҸԡÒâèÒÇáµèÅлÃÐàÀ· àªè¹ ºÃóҸԡÒâèÒÇã¹»ÃÐà·È ºÃóҸԡÒâèÒǵèÒ§»ÃÐà·È ºÃóҸԡÒâèÒǵèÒ§¨Ñ§ËÇÑ´ à»ç¹µé¹ 㹡óշÕè¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇÊ觢èÒÇ·Ò§â·ÃÈѾ·ìËÃ×Í·Ò§¨´ËÁÒ«Öè§äÁèä´éà¢Õ¹ã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§¢èÒÇ ËÃ×Íà¢Õ¹¢èÒÇäÁèªÑ´à¨¹ ºÃóҸԡÒÃÍÒ¨Êè§ãËé¼ÙéàÃÕºàÃÕ§¢èÒÇ ËÃ×ͼÙéà¢Õ¹¢èÒÇ (Rewriter) ¹Óä»à¢Õ¹à»ç¹¢èÒÇãËé¶Ù¡µéͧ¡è͹Êè§ä»¾ÔÁ¾ì

 

ºÃóҸԡÒâèÒÇáµèÅФ¹¨Ð·Ó¡ÒäѴàÅ×Í¡¢èÒÇ·Õè¶Ù¡Êè§à¢éÒÁÒ µÒÁËÅÑ¡¡Òà »ÃÐàÁÔ¹¤Ø³¤èÒ¢èÒÇ â´Â¾Ô¨ÒóҶ֧ͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ¢Í§¢èÒÇ ¹âºÒ¡ÒÃàʹ͢èÒÇáÅÐÍ×è¹ æ (´Ñ§·Õèä´é¡ÅèÒÇÁÒºéÒ§áÅéÇ) àÁ×èÍä´é¢èÒÇ·ÕèÁդس¤èÒ¹èÒʹã¨ÁÒáÅéÇ ¨ÐÊè§ãËéËÑÇ˹éҡͧºÃóҸԡÒÃËÃ×ͺÃóҸԡÒúÃÔËÒà à¾×è;ԨÒóҵѴÊÔ¹¤Ñ´àÅ×Í¡ÍÕ¡¤ÃÑé§Ë¹Öè§â´ÂãËéàËÁÒÐÊÁ¡Ñºà¹×éÍ·Õè¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì·ÕèÁÕÍÂÙè ã¹Êèǹ¹ÕéºÃóҸԡÒâèÒǨФѴàÅ×Í¡áÅÐÍÒ¨ÃèÇÁ¡ÑººÃóҸԡÒýèÒ¨Ѵ˹éÒ·Ó¡ÒþҴËÑÇ¢èÒÇ µÃǨÊͺ¤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéͧ ¡Ó˹´¤ÇÒÁÂÒÇ ¨Ñ´Ë¹éÒ (Lay-out) ã¹¢Ñé¹Ë¹Ö觡è͹ áÅéÇÊ觵èÍä»·ÕèâµêТèÒÇ (Copy Desk) à¾×èÍ»ÃЪØÁÃèÇÁ¡ÑºËÑÇ˹éÒ¢èÒǽèÒµèÒ§ æ (Rimmen) â´ÂÁÕºÃóҸԡÒâèÒÇ·Ó˹éÒ·Õè¹Ñ觻ÃШÓã¹µÓá˹è§ËÑÇ˹éÒâµêÐ (Slotman) à¾×èÍ·Ó¡ÒúÃÃ³Ò¸Ô¡Ã³ì µÃǨÊͺ »ÃѺ»Ãا¡ÒÃãªéÀÒÉÒ ¡ÒþҴËÑÇ¢èÒÇ ãËéàÃÕºÃéÍ¡è͹·Õè¨ÐÊè§ãËéºÃóҸԡÒýèÒ ¨Ñ´Ë¹éÒ¹Ó仨ѴÇѵ¶Ø´Ôºã¹·Ñé§ËÅÒÂŧã¹Ë¹éÒ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìãËé´ÙàÃÕºÃé͹èÒÍèÒ¹µÒÁËÅÑ¡¢Í§¡ÒèѴ˹éÒ·Õè´Õ áÅéǨ֧Êè§ãËé½èÒ¼ÅÔµ¨Ñ´¡ÒþÔÁ¾ìµÒÁ·Õè¡Ó˹´äÇé àÊÃç¨áÅéǽèÒ¨Ѵ¡Òáç¨ÐÃѺªèǧ´Óà¹Ô¹¡ÒÃÇÒ§µÅÒ´µèÍä»

 

¨ÐàËç¹ä´éÇèÒ µÒÁá¹Ç¡Ò÷ӧҹ¢Í§¡Í§ºÃóҸԡÒÃâ´ÂàÊé¹·Ò§à´Ô¹¢Í§¢èÒǺؤÅÒ¡Ã áµèÅФ¹¢Í§Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìà»ÃÕºàÊÁ×͹¹Ò´èÒ¹ (Gate Kuper) ¡ÅÑ蹡ÃͧÊÔ觷Õè¼ÙéÍèÒ¹¤ÇèÐä´é·ÃÒº ºØ¤¤ÅàËÅèÒ¹Õé¨Ö§µéͧµÃÐ˹ѡ¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍºµèÍÇÔªÒªÕ¾¢Í§µ¹ÍÂÙèàÊÁÍà¾×èÍãËé¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ áÅÐÊѧ¤Áä´éÃѺÊÔ觷Õè´ÕáÅж١µéͧÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´

 

¤Ø³ÅѡɳТͧ¢èÒÇ

 

¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ¢ͧ¤ÓÇèÒ "¢èÒÇ" ÍҨᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹¢Öé¹ÍÂÙè¡ÑºÇèÒáµèÅФ¹¨ÐãËé¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭá¡è ÊÔ觷Õè¨Ð¹ÓÁÒÃÒ§ҹÍÂèÒ§äà ·ÓãËé¹ÔÂÒÁ¢Í§¢èÒÇà»ç¹ä»ÍÂèÒ§¡ÇéÒ§¢ÇÒ§µÒÁ¤Ø³ÅѡɳзÕè»ÃÒ¡¯ã¹µÑÇÁѹàͧ ¤ÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁ㹡ÒèӡѴ¤ÇÒÁ»ÃÒ¡¯ÍÍ¡ÁÒËÅÒÂÃٻẺ àªè¹

 

¢èÒÇ ¤×Í à˵ءÒóìËÃ×Í¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§ ËÃ×ÍàÃ×èͧÃÒÇ·Õè»ÃЪҪ¹Ê¹ã¨ã¤ÃèÃÙé

 

¢èÒÇ ¤×Í à˵ءÒóìËÃ×Í "¢èÒÇÊÒÃ" ·ÕèÃÒ§ҹãËé¼ÙéÍèÒ¹·ÃÒº

 

¢èÒÇ ¤×Í ÃÒ§ҹ¢Í§à˵ءÒóì»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÂصԸÃÃÁ ·Ñ¹à˵ءÒÃ³ì ¶Ù¡µéͧ ¡Ð·Ñ´ÃÑ´ áÅÐ à·Õ觵ç

 

¢èÒÇ ¤×Í ÊÔ觷Õè»ÃЪҪ¹Ê¹ã¨

 

¢èÒÇ ¤×Í à˵ءÒóì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹áÅÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ

 

¢èÒÇ ¤×Í ÊÔ觷ÕèºÃóҸԡÒÃ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìµÑ´ÊÔ¹ã¨àÅ×͡ŧ¾ÔÁ¾ì à¾×èÍàʹ͵èͼÙéÍèÒ¹

 

¢èÒÇ ¤×Í ÊÔ觷Õè»ÃÒ¡¯ã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì ÏÅÏ

 

¨Ò¡¹ÔÂÒÁ¢éÒ§µé¹¾ÍÊÃØ»ä´éÇèÒ "¢èÒÇ" ¹Ñ鹤ÇûÃСͺ´éÇÂͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ¾×é¹°Ò¹ 3 »ÃСÒà ¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁ¹èÒʹ㨠(interest) ¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§ (facts) áÅмÙéÍèÒ¹ (readers) ¡ÅèÒǤ×Í ¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§ ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹µéͧà»ç¹ÊÔ觷Õè¹èÒʹ㨠ÊÓËÃѺ¼ÙéÍèҹ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ ¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ ¨Óà»ç¹µéͧÃÒ§ҹ¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§ ãËéà»ç¹·Õèʹ㨠á¡è¼ÙéÍèÒ¹

 

¢éÍÊÃØ»¢éÒ§µé¹¾Í¨ÐªÕéãËéàËç¹ÇèÒ ËÒ¡à˵ءÒóì·Õèà»ç¹¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§ä´éà¡Ô´¢Öé¹áÅéÇ áµèäÁèä´éÃѺ¤ÇÒÁʹã¨ËÃ×ÍäÁè¹èÒʹ㨠¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ¡ç¨ÐäÁè¹Óä»àʹÍãËé¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ä´éÁÕâÍ¡ÒÊÃÙéÇèÒà¡Ô´ ÍÐäâÖ鹺éÒ§áÅéÇ ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹¨ÐäÁèÁÕâÍ¡ÒÊÃѺ·ÃÒºà˵ءÒóì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹àÅ ¤ÇÒÁʹã¨ÂèÍÁäÁèà¡Ô´àÁ×èÍà»ç¹´Ñ§¹Õé à˵ءÒóì¨Ðà¡Ô´·Õèä˹¡çÍÂÙèµÃ§¹Ñé¹ ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹¨Ð·ÃÒº¡çµèÍàÁ×èÍÁպؤ¤ÅËÂԺ¡àÍÒà˵ءÒóì¹Ñé¹ÃǺÃÇÁ¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§¢Í§à˵ءÒóì·Ñé§ËÁ´ÁÒàÅèÒËÃ×ÍÃÒ§ҹ ËÃ×Íŧ¾ÔÁ¾ìà¾×èÍãË餹Í×è¹ æ ä´éÃѺÃÙé ¡ç¨Ðà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁʹ㨢Öé¹ÁÒä´é ÊÔ觹Ñ鹨֧à»ç¹¢èÒÇ

 

"¢èÒÇ" ¤×Í ÃÒ§ҹà˵ءÒóìËÃ×ÍàÃ×èͧÃÒÇ·Õè¹èÒʹ㨠㹷Õè¹Õé¢Íà¹é¹ÇèÒ "¢èÒÇ" ¤×Í "ÃÒ§ҹ" ÁÔãªèà¾Õ§à˵ءÒóì˹Öè§à˵ءÒóìã´à·èÒ¹Ñé¹ áµè¢èÒǨÐà»ç¹àÃ×èͧÃÒÇ ÁÕ¤¹ÃÒ§ҹãËéàÃÒ·ÃÒº ÊÒÃÐÊӤѭ¢Í§¢èÒǵéͧà»ç¹ÃÒ§ҹ¢Í§à˵ءÒóì»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹·Õè¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇáÅкÃóҸԡÒÃàËç¹¾éͧµéͧ¡Ñ¹ÇèÒ »ÃЪҪ¹¤ÇÃÃѺ·ÃÒºà˵ءÒóìËÃ×ÍàÃ×èͧÃÒǹÑé¹ æ

 

·Ñ駼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇáÅкÃóҸԡÒâèÒÇ ¨Ö§à»ç¹ºØ¤¤Å·ÕèÁÕº·ºÒ·ÍÂèÒ§Áҡ㹡ÒõѴÊÔ¹ã¨áÅÐÇÔ¹Ô¨©ÑÂÇèÒ à˵ءÒóìã´¤ÇÃä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹËÃ×ÍäÁè ¨Ò¡º·ºÒ·ÊӤѭ¹Õé ·ÓãËéµéͧÂÖ´ËÅÑ¡¡ÒþԨÒóҤس¤èÒ¢èÒÇ ËÅÑ¡ãË­è·Õè¶×Í»¯ÔºÑµÔ¡Ñ¹ÁÒàÊÁÍ¡ç¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁÊ´ ¤ÇÒÁ·Ñ¹ÊÁÑ·ѹµèÍà˵ءÒóì "à»ç¹·Õèʹã¨" ¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂì¹Í¡à˹×Í仨ҡ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ¢Í§à˵ءÒÃ³ì ·ÕèÁռšÃзºµèͪÕÇÔµ¢Í§¼ÙéÍèÒ¹

 

¤ÇÒÁ¹èÒʹ㨠¨Ö§à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃСͺÊӤѭÍÂèҧ˹Ö觷Õè¨Ðà»ç¹á¹Ç·Ò§¡Ó˹´ÇèÒ¢èÒǹÑé¹Áդس¤èÒ (New Worthiness) ÊÁ¤ÇÃá¡è¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹËÃ×ÍäÁè

 

¡ÒÃÇÔ¹Ô¨©Ñ¤س¤èÒ¢èÒÇ

 

ä´é¡ÅèÒÇ仺éÒ§áÅéÇÇèÒ ¤Ø³ÅѡɳзÕèÊӤѭÍÂèҧ˹Ö觢ͧ¢èÒÇ¡ç¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁ¹èÒʹã¨áÅФÇÒÁÊӤѭ·Ñé§ 2 »ÃСÒùÕé¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒǵéͧ¾Ô¨ÒóÒã¹·ÑȹТͧ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ ¤×Í¢èÒǹÑé¹µéͧ ¹èÒʹã¨ÊÓËÃѺ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭµèͼÙéÍèÒ¹ áÅмÙéµéͧà»ç¹¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊ´·Ñ¹ÊÁÑ ÊÓËÃѺ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹

 

¢èÒÇ·ÕèÁդس¤èÒÊÙ§ ÁÑ¡¨ÐÁÕ·Ñ駤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ (significance) áÅФÇÒÁ¹èÒʹ㨠(interest) ÍÂÙèã¹µÑǢͧÁѹàͧ

 

¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ (significance) ËÁÒ¶֧ à˵ءÒóìÍÐäáçµÒÁ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ áÅÐÁռšÃзºµèͪÕÇÔµ¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹ÍÂÙè¢Í§»ÃЪҪ¹ ¼Å¡Ãзº´Ñ§¡ÅèÒǨÐÁÕ¼Åã¹Ç§¡ÇéÒ§ àªè¹ ¡ÒûÃѺÍѵÃÒÀÒÉÕÁռšÃзºµèÍÃÒÂä´é¤èÒ¤ÃͧªÕ¾¢Í§»ÃЪҪ¹ ¡ÒÃàÊÕÂà»ÃÕº´ØÅ¡ÒäéҡѺµèÒ§»ÃÐà·ÈÁռšÃзºµèÍÀÒÇÐàÈÃÉ°¡Ô¨¢Í§»ÃÐà·È àÃ×èͧàËÅèÒ¹Õéà»ç¹ÊÔè§ÊӤѭÁռšÃзºâ´ÂµÃ§áÅÐâ´ÂÍéÍÁµèͤÇÒÁà»ç¹ÍÂÙèáÅФèÒ¤ÃͧªÕ¾¢Í§»ÃЪҪ¹·Ñ駻ÃÐà·È ¨Ö§¨Ñ´ÇèÒà»ç¹¢èÒÇ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ à¾ÃÒÐËÒ¡äÁèÃÒ§ҹãËé¼ÙéÍèÒ¹·ÃÒº¡çÍÒ¨¨Ðà¡Ô´¼ÅàÊÕµèÍÊèǹÃÇÁ·Ñé§ËÁ´ä´é

 

¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ¹Ñé¹ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¨Ð¾Ô¨ÒóҨҡ¼Å¡Ãзº·Õè¨Ðà¡Ô´µèÍ»ÃЪҪ¹áÅéÇ ºÒ§·Õ¢èÒÇ·ÕèÊӤѭã¹Êѧ¤Á˹Öè§ËÃ×Í»ÃÐà·È˹Öè§ÍÒ¨¨ÐäÁèÊӤѭµèÍÍÕ¡Êѧ˹Ö觡çä´é àªè¹ ¢èÒÇ ¡ÒÃàÊÕÂà»ÃÕº´ØÅ¡ÒäéҡѺµèÒ§»ÃÐà·È¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁËÒÈÒŹÑé¹ à»ç¹¢èÒÇ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭÁÒ ÊÓËÃѺ»ÃÐà·Èä·Â áµèàÁ×èÍÁͧ㹷ÑȹТͧ»ÃЪҪ¹»ÃÐà·È­Õè»Øè¹áÅéÇ ¢èÒǹÕéäÁèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭà¾ÃÒÐäÁèÁռšÃзºµèͪÒÇ­Õè»Øè¹ à¾ÃÒЩйÑé¹ ¡ÒÃàÅ×Í¡ÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒǢͧÊ×èÍÁÇŪ¹ã¹ 2 »ÃÐà·È¹Õé¨Ö§äÁèàËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹ àËç¹ä´éÇèÒ¡ÒÃÇÔ¹Ô¨©Ñ¤س¤èÒ¢èÒǵéͧ¤Ó¹Ö§¶Ö§ÊÀÒ¾áÇ´ÅéÍÁ¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹¨ÃÔ§ Êѧ¤ÁáÅÐͧ¤ì»ÃСͺÍ×è¹ æ ÍÕ¡

 

â´ÂÁÒ¡¢èÒÇ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ ÁÑ¡¨Ðà»ç¹¢èÒÇ·Õè¨Ñ´ã¹»ÃÐàÀ· hard news ËÃ×Í¢èÒÇ˹ѡ¤×Í à»ç¹¢èÒÇ·ÕèÁռšÃзº·Ò§´éÒ¹àÈÃÉ°¡Ô¨ Êѧ¤Á ¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ ¡Òû¡¤Ãͧ ¼Å¡Ãзº¹Ñé¹ÍÒ¨äÁè·Ñ¹·Õ·Ñ¹ã´ áµèÍÒ¨à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ä´éã¹ÃÐÂÐÂÒÇ µéͧÍÒÈÑÂà·¤¹Ô¤¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒÇ ÍÂèÒ§ÅÐàÍÕ´Ãͺ¤Íºà¾×èͤÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨ã¹àÃ×èͧÃÒǹÑé¹ æ ÊèǹÁÒ¡¢èÒÇ»ÃÐàÀ·¹Õé¨ÐÁÕÅѡɳÐà»ç¹¢èÒÇʶҹ¡Òóì (situation news) ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¢èÒÇ»ÃÐàÀ·à˵ءÒóì (event news) «Ö觵ͺʹͧ¤ÇÒÁã¤ÃèÃÙéä´éÍÂèÒ§©Ñº¾Åѹ áµè¢èÒÇã¹à˵ءÒóìºÒ§»ÃÐàÀ·¡çÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ ¾Í·Õè¨ÐÊ觼šÃзº¶Ö§¤¹ËÁÙèÁÒ¡ àªè¹ ¢èÒÇâç§Ò¹á¡êÊÃÐàºÔ´ã¹»ÃÐà·ÈÍÔ¹à´Õ·ÓãË餹µÒÂà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡ Ê觼šÃзºãËé»ÃЪҪ¹ µéͧËÇÒ´ÃÐáǧà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¤ÇÒÁ»ÅÍ´ÀÑÂáÅЭҵԾÕè¹éͧ·ÃѾÂìÊÔ¹·ÕèÊÙ­àÊÕÂä» ÁÕ¼ÅãËéÃÑ°ºÒŵéͧ¨Ñ´ÊÃ纻ÃÐÁÒ³ÁÒªèÇÂàËÅ×Íà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁËÒÈÒÅ·Ñé§ æ ·Õèà»ç¹»ÃÐà·ÈÂÒ¡¨¹ à¡Ô´ÀÒÇЩءà©Ô¹·Ò§àÈÃÉ°¡Ô¨ à»ç¹µé¹ ã¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§¢èÒÇ˹ѡáÅТèÒÇàºÒ¨Ðä´é¡ÅèÒǵèÍä»

 

¤ÇÒÁ¹èÒʹ㨠(interest) ËÁÒ¶֧ à˵ءÒóì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹áÅéÇ·ÓãËé»ÃЪҪ¹Ê¹ã¨ã¤ÃèÃÙéÍÂÒ¡µÔ´µÒÁ ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¢é͹Õé¹èÒ¨Ðà»ç¹¢éÍ·ÕèÊӤѭ¢Í§ÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒÇà¾ÃÒТèÒÇ·Õè¢Ò´¤ÇÒÁ¹èÒã¹ã¨áÅéÇ ¤¹¡ç¨ÐäÁèÍèÒ¹ ¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁªÓ¹Ò­áÅÐÁÕ»ÃÐʺ¡Òóì¨Ð¾ÂÒÂÒÁà¢Õ¹¢èÒÇãËé¹èÒʹã¨áÅйèÒÍèÒ¹â´ÂäÁèºÔ´àº×͹¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§ ¢èÒÇ·Õè¹èÒʹ㨡ç¤×Í¢èÒÇ·Õè¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁµÑé§ã¨µéͧ¡ÒèÐÍèÒ¹ÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ »Ñ­ËÒ¨Ö§à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÇèÒÍÐää×ÍÊÔ觷Õè¹èÒʹã¨? ¹Ñ¡Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìáÅкؤ¤Å·Õè·Ó˹éÒ·Õèà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¢èÒÇ ä´é¡Ó˹´á¹Ç¡ÒÃÇÑ´¤ÇÒÁʹ㨢ͧ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹äÇéËÅÒ»ÃСÒà â´Â¾Ô¨ÒóҵÒÁͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ¢Í§¢èÒÇ (news elements) ¡ÅèÒǤ×Í ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹·ÑèÇä»ÁÑ¡ãËé¤ÇÒÁʹã¨à»ç¹¾ÔàÈÉã¹ÊÔ觵èÍ仹Õé

 

1. ¤ÇÒÁÊ´ (Immediacy) ËÁÒ¶֧¤ÇÒÁÃÇ´àÃçÇ㹡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹà˵ءÒóì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ãËé¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ä´é ·ÃÒºÍÂèÒ§·Ñ¹·Õ·Ñ¹¤Çѹ ¤×͹Ѻ¨Ò¡ÃÐÂÐàÇÅҢͧà˵ءÒóì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Ö鹡Ѻ¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒÇ ¤ÇÃà»ç¹ä»ÍÂèÒ§ÃÇ´àÃçÇ ÂÔè§ÃÒ§ҹä´éàÃçÇà·èÒääس¤èҢͧ¤ÇÒÁÊ´¢Í§¢èÒÇ¡ç¨ÐÁÕÁÒ¡¢Öé¹

 

2. ¤ÇÒÁã¡ÅéªÔ´ (Proximity) ËÁÒ¶֧à˵ءÒóì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ã¡Åé¡ÑºµÑǼÙéÍèҹ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì ·Ñ駴éÒ¹ ÃÐÂзҧ àÇÅÒ áÅФÇÒÁ¤Ô´ ¶éÒã¡ÅéÁÒ¡¡ç¨ÐÁդس¤èÒ·Ò§¢èÒÇÊÙ§¡ÇèÒà˵ءÒóì·Õèà¡Ô´ä¡ÅÍÍ¡ä» ¤ÇÒÁã¡ÅéªÔ´ÍÒ¨à»ç¹¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìã¡ÅéªÔ´·Ò§¨Ôµã¨ ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´Ê¶Ò¹·ÕèËÃ×ͺؤ¤Å«Öè§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ù¡¾Ñ¹·Ò§ã´·Ò§Ë¹Ö觡Ѻ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹

 

3. ¤ÇÒÁà´è¹ (Prominence) ¤Ãͺ¤ÅØÁ¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁà´è¹¢Í§ºØ¤¤Å ʶҹ·Õè ËÃ×ÍàÇÅҢͧà˵ءÒóì ËÃ×ͺؤ¤Åã¹à˵ءÒóì àªè¹ ªèǧàÇÅҢͧ¡ÒÃàÅ×Í¡µÑé§ÊÀÒ¼Ùéá·¹ÃÒɮêèǧàÇÅҢͧ¡ÒÃâ¡ÂéÒÂà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§µÓáË¹è§ ¹Ò¡ÃÑ°Á¹µÃÕà´Ô¹·Ò§ä»µèÒ§»ÃÐà·È ¹Ò§ÊÒÇä·Âà´Ô¹·Ò§ä»»ÃСǴ¹Ò§§ÒÁ¨Ñ¡ÃÇÒÅ à»ç¹µé¹ à˵ءÒóìã´·ÕèÁÕͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁà´è¹´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇÁÒ¡¡çÁÑ¡ä´éÃѺ¤ÇÒÁʹã¨ã¹¤Ø³¤èÒàªÔ§¢èÒÇÊÙ§ ä´éÃѺ¡ÒþԨÒóҵѴÊÔ¹ã¨ãËéŧ¾ÔÁ¾ì¡è͹àÊÁÍ

 

4. ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔ (Unusualness) â´Â¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂìáÅéÇ Áѡʹ㨵èÍÊÔè§ã´¡çµÒÁ·Õèá»Å¡ËÃ×ÍäÁèà¤ÂàËç¹ÁÒ¡è͹ àªè¹ áÁ褹˹Öè§ãËé¡Óà¹Ô´ÅÙ¡á½´¶Ö§ 8 ¤¹ ËÃ×Í à´ç¡ÍÒÂØ 5 ¢Çº ÊÒÁÒö¤Ó¹Ç³àÅ¢ËÅÑ¡ÅéÒ¹ä´éÀÒÂã¹ 5 ÇÔ¹Ò·Õ à»ç¹àÃ×èͧ·ÕèäÁèà¡Ô´¢Ö鹺è͹ѡ ¤¹¨Ö§ÍÂÒ¡ÃÙéã¹ÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕ´ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒà˵ءÒó컡µÔ à˵ءÒóì»ÃÐàÀ·¹Õé¨Ð»ÃÒ¡¯ º¹Ë¹éÒ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìà»ç¹¤ÃÑ駤ÃÒÇáÅéÇáµèÇèÒ¨Ðà¡Ô´¢Öé¹àÁ×èÍã´

 

5. ÊÔ觷ÕèÁ¹ØÉÂìʹã¨ËÃ×Íà»ç¹»ÃÐ⪹ìµèÍÁ¹ØÉÂì (Human interest) ÊÔ觷Õèà¡Ô´¢Ö鹡ѺÁ¹ØÉÂì´éÇ¡ѹàͧ ËÃ×Íà¡Ô´¡ÑºÊÔè§ÁÕªÕÇÔµã¹âÅ¡ ͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ¢é͹Õéà»ç¹àÃ×èͧÃÒǢͧ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì·Ò§ÍÒÃÁ³ì ¨Ôµã¨ à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹ÍÂÙè¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂì·ÑèÇä» à»ç¹à˵ءÒóì·Õè·ÓãËé¼ÙéÍèÒ¹à¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡ÃèÇÁ·Ò§ÍÒÃÁ³ì¡ÑººØ¤¤Åã¹¢èÒÇ´éÇ àªè¹¤ÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡ÊÐà·×͹ÍÒÃÁ³ì àËç¹ã¨ à¢éÒ㨠ʧÊÒà ÍÂÒ¡ÁÕÊèǹÃèÇÁªèÇÂàËÅ×Í ¶éÒà˵ءÒóì·Ó¹Í§à´ÕÂǡѹÍÒ¨à¡Ô´¡Ñºµ¹àͧáÅéǤÇ÷ÓÍÂèÒ§äà ËÃ×Íà»ç¹à˵ءÒóì·ÕèÍÒ¨ÁÕâÍ¡ÒÊà¡Ô´¡Ñº·Ø¡¤¹ä´é

 

6. ¤ÇÒÁ¢Ñ´áÂé§ (Conflict) ¢èÒǨҡ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìÊèǹãË­èà¡Ô´¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁ¢Ñ´áÂé§äÁèŧÃÍ¡ѹÃÐËÇèÒ§ºØ¤¤Å 2 ½èÒ àªè¹ ¤ÇÒÁ¢Ñ´áÂ駷ҧ¼Å»ÃÐâª¹ì ¢Ñ´áÂ駷ҧÍØ´Á¡ÒÃ³ì ¢Ñ´áÂ駷ҧ´éÒ¹¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´ ·Ò§à¾È ¤ÇÒÁ¢Ñ´áÂé§Áդس¤èÒ·Ò§¢èÒÇÊÙ§ à¾ÃÒÐà»ç¹¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂìÍÂÒ¡ÃÙé ÍÂÒ¡·ÃÒº¶Ö§ÊÒà˵آͧ¤ÇÒÁ¢Ñ´áÂé§ ¡ÃÐËÒ·Õè¨ÐµÔ´µÒÁ¶Ö§·ÕèÊØ´ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§ã¡ÅéµÑÇ·ÕèàËç¹ä´éªÑ´ ¡ç¤×Í ËÒ¡à¡Ô´ÍغѵÔà˵Øö¹µÃ쪹¡Ñ¹ ³ ¶¹¹ÊÒÂ˹Öè§ÊÒÂã´ ¨ÐÁÕ¤¹à¢éÒä»Áا´Ù¡Ñ¹ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂà¾Õ§à¾×èÍÍÂÒ¡·ÃÒºÇèÒ·Ñé§Êͧ½èÒ¨е¡Å§¡Ñ¹ä´éÍÂèÒ§äà ã¤Ã¼Ô´ ã¤Ã¶Ù¡ à¾ÃÒйÑ蹡ç¤×Íà˵آͧ¡ÒâѴáÂé§ÍÂèҧ˹Öè§ ËÃ×Í¢èÒǦҵ¡ÃÃÁ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁ¢Ñ´áÂ駷ҧ¼Å»ÃÐâª¹ì ¤ÇÒÁ¢Ñ´áÂ駷ҧ¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧÃÐËÇèÒ§¾Ãä¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ Åéǹà»ç¹à˵ءÒóì·ÕèÊÃéÒ§¤ÇÒÁʹã¨ä´éàÊÁÍ

 

7. ¤ÇÒÁÅÖ¡ÅѺ«Ñº«é͹ (Suspense) à˵ءÒóì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹áÅéÇÂѧäÁèÊÒÁÒö¤ÅÕè¤ÅÒÂãËé¡ÃШèÒ§ ËÃ×ÍÂѧäÁèÊÒÁÒöàÊÒÐËÒÊÒà˵طÕèá·é¨ÃÔ§áÅéÇ ÁÑ¡¡ÃеØé¹ãËé¼ÙéÍèҹʧÊÑÂã¤ÃèµÔ´µÒÁãËé¶Ö§·ÕèÊØ´ ¨Ò¡µÑÇÍÂèÒ§¡Ã³Õöª¹¡Ñ¹ ¶éÒ·Ñé§Êͧ½èÒÂäÁèÊÁÒöµ¡Å§¡Ñ¹ä´éã¹àÇÅÒÍѹÃÇ´àÃçÇ ¼Ù餹¡çÁÑ¡¨ÐÃÕæÃÍæ¿Ñ§¨¹·Ñé§Êͧ½èÒÂá¡ÂéÒÂ¡Ñ¹ä» ËÃ×Í¢èÒÇà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡Òæҵ¡ÃÃÁÅÖ¡ÅѺ«è͹à§×è͹ µéͧàÊÒÐáÊǧËÒËÅÑ¡°Ò¹¾ÂÒ¹ ¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒǨеéͧµÔ´µÒÁÍÂèÒ§µèÍà¹×èͧÅÐàÍÕ´ÅÐÍÍáÅФÅÕè¤ÅÒÂà§×è͹»Á¨¹ËÒÂʧÊÑ ËÃ×ͤÅÒ¤ÇÒÁ¹èÒʹã¨ä»«Ö觨зÓãËé¢èÒǹÑé¹Íè͹¤Ø³¤èÒŧ¡ç¨Ð·ÓãËé¡ÒÃÇÔ¹Ô¨©Ñ¤س¤èÒµ¡ÍÂÙèã¹ÅӴѺÃͧæŧä»

 

8. ¤ÇÒÁ¡Ãзº¡ÃÐà·×͹ (Consequence) à»ç¹¼Å¡Ãзº¢Í§à˵ءÒóì·Õèà¡Ô´¡ÑºÁÇŪ¹ ÍÒ¨à»ç¹¼Å¡Ãзº·Ò§¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹ÍÂÙè ¡ÒäÃͧªÕ¾ËÃ×Í·Ò§Êѧ¤Á ¼Å¡Ãзº¡ÃÐà·×͹¹Õé ÍÒ¨à¡Ô´â´Â·Ò§µÃ§ËÃ×Í·Ò§ÍéÍÁ àªè¹ ¡ÒûÃѺÍѵÃÒÀÒÉÕ ÁռšÃзºµèÍÃÒÂä´é¢Í§»ÃЪҪ¹¼ÙéÁÕÃÒÂä´é¹éÍ ä¿äËÁéÂèÒ¹ÊÅÑÁ·ÓãË餹¢Ò´·ÕèÍÂÙèÍÒÈѨӹǹÁÒ¡ ¢èÒÇ ÍØ·¡ÀÑ ÀÑÂ¾ÔºÑµÔ à»ç¹µé¹ ÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕ´¢Í§¼Å¡Ãзº´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇ ¨Ðä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹ·Ñé§ã¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁàÊÕÂËÒ·ҧ·ÃѾÂìÊÔ¹áÅЪÕÇÔµµÅÍ´¨¹ÊÒà赯 ¡Òûéͧ¡Ñ¹

 

9. ¤ÇÒÁ¡éÒÇ˹éÒ (Progress) ¶×Íà»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃСͺ·ÕèÊӤѭÍÂèҧ˹Öè§ã¹¡ÒþԨÒóҤس¤èÒ¢èÒÇ â´Â੾ÒСÒþѲ¹Ò¤ÇÒÁà¨ÃÔ­¡éÒÇ˹éÒ·Ò§ÇÔ·ÂÒ¡Òà ෤â¹âÅÂÕÊÁÑÂãËÁè ¤ÇÒÁà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§¢Í§Êѧ¤Á ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ ÏÅÏ ÂèÍÁà»ç¹¼Å¡ÃзºµèͤÇÒÁà»ç¹ÍÂÙè¢Í§»ÃЪҪ¹·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ Á¹ØÉÂì·Ñé§ËÅÒÂÂèÍÁÁÕ¤ÇÒÁʹã¨ÍÂÒ¡àÃÕ¹ÃÙéÊÔè§ãËÁèæ à¾×è͹ÓÁÒ»ÃѺ»ÃاªÕÇÔµãËé´Õ¢Öé¹ ã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìËÅÒ©ºÑº ¨Ö§à»Ô´¤ÍÅÑÁ¹ìÇÔ·ÂÒ¡ÒáéÒÇ˹éÒ¢Öé¹ à¾×èÍÃÒ§ҹ¤ÇÒÁ¡éÒÇ˹éÒ·Ò§¡ÒÃá¾·ÂìºéÒ§ ¡Òä鹾ºÇԨѠ¡ÒûÃдÔÉ°ì ÍصÊÒË¡ÃÃÁ ËÃ×Íà¤Ã×èͧ·Øè¹áç·Õèà»ç¹»ÃÐ⪹ìµèͼÙéÍèÒ¹ã¹ÍÒªÕ¾ÊÒ¢ÒµèÒ§æ à¾ÃÒФÇÒÁ¡éÒÇ˹éÒ·Ò§ÇÔ·ÂÒ¡ÒÃÂèÍÁÁռŵèͤÇÒÁËÇѧãËÁè㹪ÕÇÔµ¢Í§»ÃЪҪ¹´éÇÂ

 

10. à¾È (Sex) ã¹âÅ¡¹ÕéÊÔè§ÁÕªÕÇÔµ·Ñé§ËÅÒÂÁÕÍÂÙèà¾Õ§ 2 à¾È ¤×Í ªÒÂáÅÐË­Ô§ ¤ÇÒÁʹã¨ã¹à¾ÈµÃ§¢éÒÁ ¨Ö§à»ç¹¸ÃÃÁ´Ò¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂìáÅÐÊѵÇì ¨Ñ´à»ç¹àÃ×èͧ·Õèã¡ÅéµÑÇÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´¡çÇèÒä´é ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔ·Ò§à¾È ËÃ×;ĵԡÃÃÁàºÕè§ູ ¨Ö§ÁÑ¡ä´éÃѺ¤ÇÒÁʹã¨à»ç¹¾ÔàÈÉ Í§¤ì»ÃСͺ¢é͹ÕéÁÔä´éËÁÒ¶֧ ੾ÒÐàÃ×èͧÃÐËÇèҧ˭ԧ¡ÑºªÒÂà·èÒ¹Ñé¹ áµèÃÇÁ件֧ ¡Ô¨¡ÃÃÁµèÒ§æ·Ò§Êѧ¤Á´éÇ àªè¹ ¡ÒõèÍÊÙéà¾×èÍá¡é¡®ËÁÒ·ÕèàÊÕÂà»ÃÕº¢Í§ÊµÃÕ ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¡Ãéͧ¤ÇÒÁàÊÁÍÀÒ¤ÃÐËÇèҧ˭ԧ¡ÑºªÒ ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¡ÃéͧãËéà»ç¹·ÕèÂÍÁÃѺ¢Í§Êѧ¤Áà»ç¹µé¹

 

ͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ·Ñé§ 10 »ÃСÒà ÊÒÁÒö¤Ãͺ¤ÅØÁ¶Ö§¤Ø³ÅѡɳТͧ"¢èÒÇ" ä´éÁÒ¡¾ÍÊÁ¤Çà áÅÐÍÒ¨áºè§«ÍÂͧ¤ì»ÃСͺÍÍ¡ÂèÍÂæä´éÍÕ¡ËÅÒ»ÃСÒà áµè¡çäÁè¾é¹¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ·Ñé§ËÁ´¢éÒ§µé¹ Êѧ¤Á·Ø¡Çѹ¹ÕéÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÅѺ«Ñº«é͹ã¹ÊÔ觷Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÁÒ¡ÁÒ à˵ءÒóìà´ÕÂÇÍÒ¨à¡ÕèÂÇ⧶֧ËÅÒÂÊÒà赯 ÁռšÃзº¡ÃÐà·×͹ã¹Ç§¡ÇéÒ§·ÓãËéà¢éÒã¨ä´éÂÒ¡¢Öé¹ áµèâ´Â·ÑèÇä»áÅéÇ ¤Ø³ÅѡɳТͧ¢èÒǨÐäÁèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ ¡ÅèÒǤ×Í "¢èÒÇ"à»ç¹ÃÒ§ҹ¢Í§à˵ءÒóìËÃ×Íʶҹ¡ÒÃ³ì ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭáÅйèÒʹ㨠ͧ¤ì»ÃСͺµèÒ§æáÊ´§¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁʹ㨢ͧ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹·Õèä´é¹ÓàʹÍã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§¢èÒÇ ¼Ù¡¾Ñ¹¡ÑºªÕÇÔµ¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂìÍÂèÒ§ã¡ÅéªÔ´ ´Ñ§·ÕèÇèÒ¢èÒÇ·Õè´Õ·ÕèÊØ´¢Í§¼ÙéÍèÒ¹¢èÒÇ·Õèä´é¹ÓàʹÍã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§¢èÒÇ ¼Ù¡¾Ñ¹¡ÑºªÕÇÔµ¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂìÍÂèÒ§ã¡ÅéªÔ´ ´Ñ§·ÕèÇèÒ¢èÒÇ·Õè´Õ·ÕèÊØ´¤×Í¢èÒÇ«Öè§à»ç¹·Õèʹ㨠¢Í§¼Ù餹ÊèǹÁÒ

 

ͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ¢Í§¢èÒÇà»ç¹á¹Ç·Ò§ÍÂèҧ˹Öè§ã¹¡ÒáÓ˹´¤Ø³¤èҢͧ¢èÒÇ áÅÐà»ç¹à¤Ã×èͧÇÑ´ÇèÒ¤ÇèйÓàʹ͢èÒÇã´¡è͹ËÅѧ ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨ã¹¡ÒÃàÅ×Í¡àʹ͢èÒǢͧ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ áÅйѺà»ç¹á¹Ç·Ò§ÊÓËÃѺ¼ÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇÃÐÂÐàÃÔèÁµé¹·Õè¨ÐàÅ×Í¡ÃÒ§ҹà˵ءÒóì·ÕèÊÍ´¤Åéͧ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁʹ㨢ͧ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ ·ÓãËé¢èÒÇ·ÕèÃÒ§ҹä»Áդس¤èÒ¤ÇÃá¡è¡ÒÃÃÃѺÃÙé¢Í§»ÃЪҪ¹

 

»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§¢èÒÇ

 

¶Ö§áÁéÇèÒµÒÁ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ¢ͧ¢èÒÇáÅéÇ à˵ءÒóìáÅÐʶҹ¡ÒóìµèÒ§æ «Ö觻ÃÒ¡¯à»ç¹·Õèʹ㨠ÊÒÁÒö¨Ñ´à»ç¹¢èÒÇä´é·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ áµèà˵ءÒóì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÁ¢é¹áÅмšÃзºµèÍÊѧ¤Áã¹ÃдѺ·ÕèäÁèà·èҡѹ ¡ÅèÒǤ×Í ºÒ§à˵ءÒóìà¡Ô´¢Öé¹áÅéÇ¡çËÒÂä»äÁèÍÂÙè㹤ÇÒÁʹ㨢ͧ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ÍÕ¡µèÍä» ã¹¢³Ð·Õèà˵ءÒóìºÒ§à˵ءÒóìÁÕ»ÃÐà´ç¹¤ÇÒÁʹ㨠µèÍà¹×èͧã¹ÃÐÂÐ˹Öè§ ¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§¢é͹Õé ¨Ö§ä´éÁÕ¡ÒèѴ»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§¢èÒÇÍÍ¡à»ç¹ 2 »ÃÐàÀ·ãË­èæ¤×Í

 

1. ¢èÒÇ˹ѡ (Hard News) ä´éá¡è¢èÒÇ·ÕèÁդسÊÁºÑµÔ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ ÁռšÃзºµèͪÕÇÔµ¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹ÍÂÙè¢Í§»ÃЪҪ¹ ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¢èÒÇ·ÕèÁÕͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁ¹èÒʹã¨à¾Õ§ÍÂèÒ§à´ÕÂÇ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ ¢èÒÇàÈÃÉ°¡Ô¨ ¢èÒÇ¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ Êѧ¤Á ÊÔè§áÇ´ÅéÍÁ ¢èÒÇàËÅèÒ¹ÕéàÁ×èÍà¡Ô´¢Öé¹áÅéǨÐÁռšÃзºâ§ãµèͻѨ¨ÑÂÍ×è¹æÍÕ¡ÁÒ¡ àªè¹ ¢èÒÇàÈÃÉ°¡Ô¨ÁÑ¡¨ÐÁռšÃзº¨Ò¡ÊÀÒÇзҧ¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ Êзé͹¶Ö§ÊÀÒ¾¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹ÍÂÙè ¤èÒ¤ÃͧªÕ¾¢Í§»ÃЪҪ¹ ËÃ×Í¢èÒÇÍÒª­Ò¡ÃÃÁÃéÒÂáçÁռšÃзºµèÍÈÕŸÃÃÁáÅФÇÒÁ»ÅÍ´ÀÑ¢ͧ»ÃЪҪ¹ 㹡óÕàªè¹¹ÕéÁÑ¡·Ô駻ѭËÒºÒ§ÍÂèÒ§ãËé¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ ËÃ×ͼÙéà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧµéͧ¹Ó仢º¤Ô´á¡é»Ñ­ËÒµèÍä» ÁÔä´éËÂØ´à¾Õ§á¤è¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒÇà·èÒ¹Ñé¹ ËÒ¡¨Ð¡ÅèÒÇâ´ÂÊÃØ» ¢èÒÇ˹ѡà»ç¹¢èÒÇ·ÕèãËé¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭµèͪÕÇÔµáÅФÇÒÁà»ç¹ÍÂÙèã¹Êѧ¤Á ãËé¤ÇÒÁÃÙé¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨áÅТéͤԴá¡è»ÃЪҪ¹ ¡èÍãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´µèÍà¹×èͧá¡è¼ÙéÍèÒ¹ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ ¨Ðà»ç¹à¾Õ§ʹͧÍÒÃÁ³ì¤ÇÒÁÍÂÒ¡ÃÙéÍÂÒ¡àËç¹à¾Õ§ÍÂèÒ§à´ÕÂÇ

 

2. ¢èÒÇàºÒ (Soft News) ä´éá¡è ¢èÒÇ·ÕèÁÕͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁ¹èÒʹã¨ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ ÁÑ¡à»ç¹à˵ءÒóì·ÕèÊÃéÒ§¤ÇÒÁʹã¨ãËé¼ÙéÍèҹ㹪èǧÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒà´ÕÂÇ áÅéǨҧËÒÂ仨ҡ¤ÇÒÁ·Ã§¨Ó¢Í§»ÃЪҪ¹ µÑÇÍÂèÒ§àªè¹ ¢èÒÇÍÒª­Ò¡ÃÃÁ µÕÃѹ¿Ñ¹á·§ ¢èÒǺѹà·Ô§ à˵ءÒóì·Õèà»ç¹ ¢èÒǨÐäÁèÁռšÃзºµèÍà¹×èͧ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹ÍÂÙè¢Í§»ÃЪҪ¹à·èÒ㴹ѡ áµè¨ÐãËéÍÒÃÁ³ìʹͧ¤ÇÒÁÍÂÒ¡ÃÙéÍÂÒ¡àËç¹á¡è¼ÙéÍèÒ¹µèÍà˵ءÒóì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹»ÃШÓÇѹ ¢èÒÇ»ÃÐàÀ·¹Õé¨Ö§ÁÑ¡¨ÐÁÕͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ¢Í§¤ÇÒÁʹ㨠¡ÃеØé¹ÍÒÃÁ³ìµ×è¹àµé¹àÃéÒã¨ä´éÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¢èÒÇ˹ѡ

 

ËÒ¡¨ÐÁͧ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¢Í§»ÃÐàÀ·Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì¡Ñº¡Ñº»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§¢èÒÇáÅéÇ ¾Ô¨ÒóÒä´éÍÂèÒ§¤ÃèÒÇæÇèÒ Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì»ÃÐàÀ·à¾è§»ÃÔÁÒ³¨ÐÁÕ¹âºÒÂãËéÅӴѺ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ㹡ÒÃàʹ͢èÒÇ»ÃÐàÀ·¢èÒÇàºÒÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ»ÃÐàÀ·¢èÒÇ˹ѡ ã¹¢³Ð·Õè˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì»ÃÐàÀ·à¾è§¤Ø³ÀÒ¾¨ÐãËé¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭá¡è¢èÒÇ˹ѡÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¢èÒÇàºÒ

 

㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒÇ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì¹Í¡¨Ò¡µéͧ·ÃÒº»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§¢èÒÇáÅéÇ¡ÒÃàÅ×Í¡à˵ءÒóì à¾×èÍÃÒ§ҹã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì¡çµéͧ¤Ó¹Ö§¶Ö§¹âºÒ¢ͧ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì áÅФÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéͧ㹡Òû¯ÔºÑµÔ˹éÒ·Õèã¹°Ò¹ÐÊ×èÍÁÇŪ¹·Õè´Õ´éÇÂÇèÒà˵ءÒóìã´·ÕèàËÁÒÐÊÁáÅФÇèÐà»ç¹¢èÒÇ·Õè´ÕÊÓËÃѺ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹

 

¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¢Í§¢èÒÇ

 

àÁ×èÍÁÕ¡ÒÃÇÔ¹Ô¨©Ñ¤س¤èÒ¢èÒÇà¾×èÍÃÒ§ҹáÅéÇ ÊÔ觷Õè¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇËÃ×ͼÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒǤÇõÃÐ˹ѡ¡ç¤×Í ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¢Í§¢èÒÇ·Õè´Õ ·Ñ駹ÕéËÁÒ¶֧¢èÒÇ·Õè¨ÐÃѺ¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹËÃ×ÍàʹÍã¹Ë¹éÒ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì¤ÇÃÁդسÊÁºÑµÔ·ÕèàÍ×éÍÍӹǵèÍ¡ÒÃÍèÒ¹ ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒ㨠áÅФÇÒÁ¹èÒàª×èͶ×Íá¡è¼ÙéÍèҹ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì´éÇ ¢èÒǨ֧»ÃСͺ´éǤسÊÁºÑµÔµèÍ仹Õé

 

1. ¤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéͧ ËÁÒ¶֧¤ÇÒÁ¶Ù¡µéͧ㹢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§áÅÐà¹×éÍËÒ µÑÇÊС´ µÑÇàÅ¢ ÏÅÏ

 

2. ¤ÇÒÁªÑ´à¨¹ ËÁÒ¶֧¤ÇÒÁá¨èÁá¨é§ªÑ´à¨¹·Ñé§ã¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§ÀÒÉÒ ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒ㨠¡ÒèѺ»ÃÐà´ç¹ ¤ÇÒÁáÁè¹ÂÓ µÅÍ´¨¹¡ÒÃÊ×èͤÇÒÁËÁÒ ·Õèá¹è¹Í¹

 

3. ¤ÇÒÁ¡ÃЪѺ ËÁÒ¶֧¢èÒÇ·Ø¡ªÔé¹µéͧà¢Õ¹ãËé¡ÃЪѺ ÃÑ´¡ØÁ äÁèÂÒÇÂ×´àÂÔè¹àÂéÍ ¨¹¹èÒàº×èÍ ¼ÙéÍèÒ¹µéͧ¡ÒÃÃÙéàÃ×èͧÃÒÇÍÂèÒ§ÃÇ´àÃçÇÀÒÂã¹àÇÅÒ¨Ó¡Ñ´

 

4. ¤ÇÒÁà»ç¹¡ÅÒ§ ËÁÒ¶֧¡ÒûÃÒȨҡ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´àËç¹ã¹¢èÒÇ ¼ÙéÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒǨÐãÊè¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´àËç¹ã¹¢èÒÇäÁèä´é µéͧÃÒ§ҹ仵ÒÁ¢éÍà·ç¨¨ÃÔ§·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹àÊÁÍ

 

¤ÇÒÁÃÙéà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¤Ø³ÅѡɳТͧ¢èÒÇ áÅСÒÃÇÔ¹Ô¨©Ñ¤س¤èÒ¢èÒÇ ¨Ö§¹Ñºà»ç¹¤ÇÒÁÃÙéàº×éͧµé¹·Õè¼Ùéµéͧ¡ÒÃà»ç¹¹Ñ¡Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì¤Ç÷ÃÒº à¾ÃÒй͡¨Ò¡¨Ð·ÓãËé¡Ò÷ӧҹ㹰ҹмÙéÊ×èÍ¢èÒÇ áÅмÙéÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒÇÁÕ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾ÁÒ¡¢Öé¹áÅéÇ ÂѧªèÇÂãËéÊÒÁÒö¡Ó˹´·ÔÈ·Ò§¡Ò÷ӧҹä´é¶Ù¡µéͧÂÔ觢Öé¹ â´Â੾ÒÐÍÂèÒ§ÂÔ觡ÒÃàÅ×Í¡ÃÒ§ҹà˵ءÒóì·ÕèÁդس¤èÒà»ç¹»ÃÐ⪹ìµèÍÊѧ¤Áâ´ÂÊèǹÃÇÁ µÅÍ´¨¹¨Ð·ÓãËéÁÕá¹Ç·Ò§ã¹¡ÒÃàÅ×Í¡¨Ñº»ÃÐà´ç¹¢èÒÇÁÒÃÒ§ҹãËéàËÁÒÐÊÁ¡Ñº»ÃÐàÀ· áÅйâºÒ¢ͧ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì·Õèµ¹Êѧ¡Ñ´ÍÂÙè´éÇÂ

 

àÍ¡ÊÒÃÍéÒ§ÍÔ§

 

( ÁÒÅÕ ºØ­ÈÔÃԾѹ¸ì. ËÅÑ¡¡Ò÷Ó˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ìàº×éͧµé¹. ¾ÔÁ¾ì¤ÃÑ駷Õè 2. ¡ÃØ§à·¾Ï :

à»Ô´à¼ÂàÁ×èÍÇѹ·Õè 9 ¡Ñ¹ÂÒ¹ 2003

 

¹Ñ¡Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì Ê×èÍÊÔ觾ÔÁ¾ì¤¹ä·ÂÃѺÊÔ¹º¹ÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ã¹âÅ¡ ¡ÒÃÊÓÃǨ·ÑèÇâÅ¡à»Ô´à¼ÂàÁ×èÍÇÒ¹¹Õé

 ã¹¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ´éÒ¹Á×´¢Í§Ê×èÍ»ÃÐàÀ·áá Ê×èÍÊÔ觾ÔÁ¾ìã¹ 66 »ÃÐà·È ä´é¶Ù¡µÑ´ÊԹ㹤ÇÒÁµéÒ¹·Ò¹µèÍ¡ÒõԴÊÔ¹º¹¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò »ÃÐà·Èä·Â¶Ù¡¨Ñ´ÍÂÙèã¹Íѹ´Ñº·Õè 50

 ¼ÅÅѾ¸ìáÊ´§ÇèÒ¡ÒõԴÊÔ¹º¹ÀÒÂã¹Ê×èÍÁÕÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ã¹»ÃÐà·È¨Õ¹, «ÒÍØ´ÔÍÒÃàºÕÂÃì, àÇÕ´¹ÒÁ, ºÑ§¤ÅÒà·È, áÅлҡÕʶҹ

¡ÒÃÊÓÃǨ¶Ù¡¾Ñ²¹Òâ´ÂÊͧ¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ¨Ò¡ÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂÍàÁÃԡѹ : Dr. Dean Kruckeberg,ÈÒʵÃÒ¨ÒÃÂì´éÒ¹¡ÒÃÊ×èÍÊÒáÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¢Í§ÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑ University of Northern IowaáÅÐ Katerina Tsetsura ÇèÒ·Õè Dr.ã¹á¼¹¡¡ÒÃÊ×èÍÊÒ÷ÕèÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑ Purdue University in Indiana ¡Ã³ÕÈÖ¡ÉÒä´éÁͺËÁÒÂãËé·ÓÃèÇÁ¡ÑºÊ¶ÒºÑ¹ International Public Relations Association (IPRA)

à»ç¹Êèǹ˹Ö觢ͧ¡ÒÃóç¤ìà¾×èÍ Media Transparency áÅРʶҺѹ the Institute for Public Relations of the United States

à¾ÃÒÐÇèÒà¹×éÍá·éáÅéÇà»ç¹ä»äÁèä´é·Õè¨ÐÇÑ´µÑÇà§Ô¹·Õè¨èÒÂà¾×èÍ¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒǼèÒ¹¡ÒÃÊѧࡵØâ´ÂµÃ§ ¹Ñ¡ÇÔ¨ÑÂä´é¨éÒ§·ÓÇԸմѪ¹Õ¼ÊÁ¢Öé¹ÁÒãªéà¾×èÍ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¹Õé·ÓãËéà¨ÒШ§¢Íºà¢µ¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò᤺ŧàËÅ×Íá»´µÑÇá»Ãà¾×èÍàÅ×Í¡Çѵ¶Ø»ÃÐʧ¤ì¨Ò¡¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèä´éÁÒà»ç¹µÑÇá»ÃÊ×èÍÊÔ觾ÔÁ¾ì¢Í§áµèÅлÃÐà·È ´éÇ¡ÒÃà¨ÒШ§ä»·ÕèÊ×èÍ˹ѧÊ×;ÔÁ¾ì «Ö觨Ðä´éÃѺ¤Ðá¹¹¡ÒÃÊÓÃǨáµèÅеÑÇá»Ã ÃÐËÇèÒ§ 0-5 ¤Ðá¹¹,¤Ðá¹¹ÊÙ§¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁá¢ç§á¡Ãè§ áÅФÐá¹¹µèÓÁÕ¤ÇÒÁàÊÕè§ÊÙ§µèÍ¡ÒÃÃѺÊÔ¹º¹¢Í§Ê×èÍ

 

µÑÇá»Ã·Õèãªé㹡óÕÈÖ¡ÉÒ ¤×Í

- ·Ó¸ØáԨÃÐÂÐÂÒÇ´éÇ¡ÒÃãËé»ÃЪҪ¹µÑ´ÊԹ㨴éǵÑÇàͧ (»ÃÐà·Èä·Âä´é¤Ðá¹¹ 2)

- ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒ㨡¯ËÁÒ¤ÍÃÑ»ªÑ蹡Ѻ¡Òúѧ¤ÑºãªéÍÂèÒ§¨ÃÔ§¨Ñ§ (»ÃÐà·Èä·Âä´é¤Ðá¹¹ 0)

- ¤ÇÒÁÃѺ¼Ô´ªÍº¢Í§ÃÑ°ºÒŵèÍ»ÃЪҪ¹·Ø¡ÃдѺªÑé¹ (»ÃÐà·Èä·Âä´é¤Ðá¹¹ 3)

- ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö㹡ÒÃÍèÒ¹ÍÍ¡à¢Õ¹ä´é (»ÃÐà·Èä·Âä´é¤Ðá¹¹ 5)

- àÊÃÕ¹ÔÂÁáÅСÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒÍÂèÒ§Á×ÍÍÒªÕ¾¢Í§¡Òý֡½¹¹Ñ¡Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ì (»ÃÐà·Èä·Âä´é¤Ðá¹¹ 4)

- ä´é¾ÔÊÙ¨¹ìÁÒà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§´Õ, à»Ô´à¼ÂµèÍÊÒ¸ÒóЪ¹ áÅкѧ¤Ñº¹Ñ¡Ë¹Ñ§Ê×;ÔÁ¾ìãªé¨ÃÃÂÒºÃóÇÔªÒªÕ¾Ê×èÍ (»ÃÐà·Èä·Âä´é¤Ðá¹¹ 2)

- ÁÕÍÔÊÃÐ㹡ÒÃà¢Õ¹, ÍÔÊÃÐ㹡Òþٴ áÅÐ ÍÔÊÃТͧ¢éÍÁÙÅ·ÕèËÅÑè§äËÅà¢éÒÁÒ (»ÃÐà·Èä·Âä´é¤Ðá¹¹ 4)

- ¡ÒÃá¢è§¢Ñ¹Ê×èͪÑé¹ÊÙ§ (¤ÇÒÁËÅÒ¡ËÅÒÂáÅСÒÃá¢è§¢Ñ¹Ê×èÍ) (»ÃÐà·Èä·Âä´é¤Ðá¹¹ 0)

àÍÒËÅР㹰ҹзÕèà¤Â¶Ù¡ºÒ¡¡Í¡â¾ÊµìÊè§ä»àÃÕ¹¡ÑºÊ¶ÒºÑ¹ÃÍÂàµÍÃìàÃ×èͧ “ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒÇ” ÁÒ áÅСç仹Ñ觡ԹàºÕÂÃì¡Ñº¹Ñ¡¢èÒǵèÒ§ªÒµÔ·ÕèÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒǵèÒ§»ÃÐà·ÈÁÒ¡çºèÍÂÁÒ¡ à¾×èÍ “ÃкÒ¤ÇÒÁà¤ÃÕ´”  ¡ç¨Ð¢ÍàÅèÒãËé·èÒ¹¿Ñ§ ¶Ö§àÃ×èͧÊ×è͵èÒ§ªÒµÔáÅÐÊ×èÍä·Â ÇèÒ¨ÃÔ§æáÅéÇ ÍÂÙ褹ÅÐâÅ¡¡Ñ¹àÅ µÍ¹¹ÕéÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇä·Â¡çÍÍ¡ÁÒÍÑ´ä·ÁÊìÂѺ ºÍ¡ä·ÁÊìä»ÇèÒ·Ñ¡ÉԳ⡧¡Ô¹»Ô´¡Ñé¹Ê×èÍ áÅСÒÃÃÒ§ҹ¢Í§Ê×èÍä·Âªèǧ·Ñ¡ÉÔ³ à·Õ觸ÃÃÁ·ÕèÊØ´ ·Ó仵ÒÁ˹éÒ·Õè¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇ “·Õè´Õ” à·èÒ¹Ñé¹

ä·ÁÂì¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¹ÔµÔÂÊÒ÷ÑèÇâÅ¡ÍÂÙèÃÒÇ ÃéÍÂËéÒÊÔº©ºÑº ÂÍ´¢Ò¡ÅØèÁà»ç¹áʹÅéÒ¹µèÍ»Õ ¶Ö§ä·ÁÊì¨Ð¶Í¹¡ÒÃÁÕÊӹѡã¹ä·ÂÍ͡仹ҹáÅéÇ áµèà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂä·ÁÊìã¹ä·Â¹Ñé¹Âѧá¹è¹»Ö¡ äÁèµéͧÁͧÍ×è¹ä¡Å Êӹѡ¢èÒÇä·ÂËÅÒÂáËè§ÂѧáÂ觡ѹà»ç¹¼Ùé¢Ò¹ԵÔÂÊÒÃã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂä·ÁÊìã¹ä·ÂÍÂÙèàÅ ¤¹·ÑèÇâÅ¡ÍèÒ¹ä·ÁÊìáÅйԵÔÂÊÒÃã¹à¤Ã×Í “à»ç¹ÃéÍÂÅéÒ¹©ºÑº” ÊÓËÃѺ¤¹·ÕèàÅ×Í¡àʾÊ×èÍÍÂèҾ԰վԶѹ ä·ÁÊì¡ç¤×ÍÁØÁÁͧÃдѺâÅ¡ µèÍâÅ¡·ÕèÃͺ¢éÒ§à¢Ò ÍÒ¨¨ÐÁÐ¡Ñ¹ä» ËÃ×ÍÍÐäáçáÅéÇáµè áµè·Õèá¹è¹Í¹¤×Íä·ÁÊì à»ç¹Ë¹Ö觺¹âÅ¡ ¶éÒÇèҡѹ´éÇÂàÃ×èͧ¢èÒÇ ¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇä·ÁÊì ÃѺà§Ô¹äÁèä´é àÅè¹ËØé¹äÁèä´é ÁÕºÃÔÉÑ·¾ÕÍÒÃìäÁèä´é ä·ÁÊìÁÕ¡®ÃÐàºÕº¸ÃÃÁÒÀÔºÒÅ ¨ÃÔ¸ÃÃÁ áÅШÃÃÂÒºÃó ÃдѺͧ¤ì¡ÃáÅйѡ¢èÒÇ ª¹Ô´«×é͵ÑÇ«×éÍÊӹѡ¢èÒÇäÁèä´é ¡çáÅéǡѹ

áÅéÇÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇä·Â¡çÍÍ¡ÁÒ “ÍÑ´ä·ÁÊì” à¾Õ§ÍÒ·ÔµÂìà´ÕÂÇËÅѧ¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵԺ͡ãËéÊӹѡ¢èÒÇä·Â “ªèǤءѺÊӹѡ¢èÒÇà·È ÍÂèÒ§ä·ÁÊì”

àÍÒËÅÐ ·èÒ¹¼ÙéÍèÒ¹·ÕèÍèÒ¹¼ÁÁÒ¹Ò¹¤§¨ÐÃÙéáÅéÇËÅÐÇèÒ¼Á¨Ðà¢Õ¹ÍÂèÒ§äõèÍ àªè¹ ¹Ö¡ËÃ×ÍÇèÒä·ÁÊìäÁèÃÙéÇèÒÊӹѡ¢èÒÇä·Â¤×͸ØáԨ¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ áÅж×ÍËÒ§¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵԡѹä»ËÁ´áÅéÇ ËÃ×ÍÇèÒÁҵðҹ½ÃÑè§áÅéÇ á¤è¤ÇÒÁàª×èÍÇèÒ·Ñ¡ÉԳ⡧ Áѹ¡çÁÕ¹éÓ˹ѡá¤è¹Ñé¹ ¤×ͤÇÒÁàª×èÍ ËÃ×ÍÇèÒ¶éÒÊӹѡ¢èÒǶ١¿éͧÃéͧàÃ×èͧÅÐàÁÔ´ÊÔ·¸Ô ½ÃÑè§à¢ÒÁͧÇèÒ “äÁèãªè¤Ø¡¤ÒÁÊ×èÍ” áµèá¤è»¡»éͧÊÔ·¸Ô¡Ñ¹ áÅéÇ¡çÍÂèÒ§·ÕèÃÙéæ¡Ñ¹ ¤Ø³ÀÒ¾Ê×èÍä·Â¹ÐÁѹ¡çá¤è¹Õé¨ÃÔ§æ Áҵðҹ¹Ð ÂѧµèÓµéÍÂàËÅ×Íà¡Ô¹àÁ×èÍà·Õº¡Ñº½ÃÑè§ áµèàÍÒËÅмÁ¨ÐäÁè¢Í ŧä»ã¹ÃдѺ¹Ñé¹ÁÒ¡¹Ñ¡ àÍÒà»ç¹ÇèÒÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒǶéҨлÃÐÊÒ· “¶éÒ¤Ô´ÇèÒä·ÁÊìäÁèàË繤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§ÇèÒÊ×èÍä·Âà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§äÔ

áµè¼Á¨Ð¢ÍÇ¡ä»àÃ×èͧÍ×è¹´Õ¡ÇèÒ ¤×Í㹡Òú͡ä·ÁÊìä»ÇèÒ “·Ñ¡ÉÔ³ªÑèÇ” ÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇ¡ÓÅѧºÍ¡ä·ÁÊìÇèÒÍÐäèÃÔ§æ ¡ç¤×ͺ͡ÇèÒ ¤³Ð»¯ÔÇÑµÔ “äÁèªÑèÇãªèäËÁ” ¼Á¡çäÁèÃÙé¹ÐÇèÒ¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵԴÕàÅÇÍÂèÒ§äà ·èÒ·Ò§¤§¨Ð “´ÕÁÒ¡¹Ð” à¾ÃÒзءÊӹѡÍÍ¡ÁÒ»¡»éͧ¡Ñ¹àËÅ×Íà¡Ô¹ ¢ÍãËé»Ô´»Ò¡µÑÇàͧÂѧä§ÂÍÁËÁ´ ´èÒÍÐä÷ѡÉÔ³ àÍÒ仵èÍÂÍ´¡Ñ¹àÁÒÁѹ·Ø¡·Õ ¤×ͤ³Ð»¯ÔÇѵԷèÒ·Ò§¤§¨Ð´Õ¨ÃÔ§

áµè»Ñ­ËÒÁѹ¡çµÃ§¹ÕéËÅйéÒ á·¹·Õè¨ÐÍÍ¡ä»ÍÑ¡·Ñ¡ÉÔ³ÇèÒªÒµÔªÑèÇ ·ÓäÁäÁèÍÍ¡ÁҵçæàÅ áÅéÇ¢ÍãËé½ÃÑè§à¢ÒËѹÁÒʹѺʹع¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵÔẺ·ÕèµÑÇàͧ·ÓËÅÐ ¨Ð “ÍÕáͺ” ÁÒẺ “ÍéÍÁæ” ·ÓäÁ ¡ÅÑÇÍÐäÃÍÂÙè ¡ç¶éÒ¤Ô´ÇèÒ·Ó¶Ù¡ÍÂÙè ¤Ô´¶Ù¡ÍÂÙè ÃÍÍÐäÃÍÂÙèËÅÐ ¡çà»Ôͼ¹Ö¡ä»¶Ö§ä·ÁÊìàÅÂÇèÒÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇ “ª×蹪Á¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵԔ áÅÐ “»¡»éͧ¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵÔÍÂÙè” ÊÃØ»¤×ÍÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇäÁè¡ÅéÒ¾Ù´¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§ ¡éà¾ÃÒÐÍÐäÃËÅÐ ¶éÒäÁèãªè “ÅÖ¡æáÅéÇ ¡çÃÙéÍÂÙèá¡è㨵ÑÇàͧ ÇèÒ¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵԹÑé¹ áÂè¡ÇèÒ·Ñ¡Ô³àÊÕÂÍÕ¡ à¾Õ§áµèÇèÒŧà§Ô¹Å§·Ø¹Å§·Ø¹àª×è͡ѹÁÒ·Ò§¹ÕéáÅéÇ “ÍÂÙèæ¨ÐãËé¡ÅѺÅÓÁѹäÁèä´é” ¡çàŵéͧÍÍ¡ÁÒ “ÍÑ´ÃдѺä·ÁÊìÂѺ” ŧàÍ¡ÓÅѧ¨ÁŧÊÙèºÖé§ÅÖ¡ ã¹ÊÒµÒÃдѺä·ÁÊì áµè¡çÍÂèÒ§ÇèÒ “ªèÒ§ËÑǽÃÑ觔 §Ò¹¹ÕéÊÓËÃѺ¤¹ä·Â “ºÃÔâÀ¤” Åéǹæ

àÁ×èÍÊ×èÍä·ÂÍÑ´ä·ÁÊì "ÂѺ"

àÍÒËÅР㹰ҹзÕèà¤Â¶Ù¡ºÒ¡¡Í¡â¾ÊµìÊè§ä»àÃÕ¹¡ÑºÊ¶ÒºÑ¹ÃÍÂàµÍÃìàÃ×èͧ “ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃÃÒ§ҹ¢èÒÇ” ÁÒ áÅСç仹Ñ觡ԹàºÕÂÃì¡Ñº¹Ñ¡¢èÒǵèÒ§ªÒµÔ·ÕèÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒǵèÒ§»ÃÐà·ÈÁÒ¡çºèÍÂÁÒ¡ à¾×èÍ “ÃкÒ¤ÇÒÁà¤ÃÕ´”  ¡ç¨Ð¢ÍàÅèÒãËé·èÒ¹¿Ñ§ ¶Ö§àÃ×èͧÊ×è͵èÒ§ªÒµÔáÅÐÊ×èÍä·Â ÇèÒ¨ÃÔ§æáÅéÇ ÍÂÙ褹ÅÐâÅ¡¡Ñ¹àÅ µÍ¹¹ÕéÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇä·Â¡çÍÍ¡ÁÒÍÑ´ä·ÁÊìÂѺ ºÍ¡ä·ÁÊìä»ÇèÒ·Ñ¡ÉԳ⡧¡Ô¹»Ô´¡Ñé¹Ê×èÍ áÅСÒÃÃÒ§ҹ¢Í§Ê×èÍä·Âªèǧ·Ñ¡ÉÔ³ à·Õ觸ÃÃÁ·ÕèÊØ´ ·Ó仵ÒÁ˹éÒ·Õè¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇ “·Õè´Õ” à·èÒ¹Ñé¹

 

ä·ÁÂì¹Ñé¹ÁÕ¹ÔµÔÂÊÒ÷ÑèÇâÅ¡ÍÂÙèÃÒÇ ÃéÍÂËéÒÊÔº©ºÑº ÂÍ´¢Ò¡ÅØèÁà»ç¹áʹÅéÒ¹µèÍ»Õ ¶Ö§ä·ÁÊì¨Ð¶Í¹¡ÒÃÁÕÊӹѡã¹ä·ÂÍ͡仹ҹáÅéÇ áµèà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂä·ÁÊìã¹ä·Â¹Ñé¹Âѧá¹è¹»Ö¡ äÁèµéͧÁͧÍ×è¹ä¡Å Êӹѡ¢èÒÇä·ÂËÅÒÂáËè§ÂѧáÂ觡ѹà»ç¹¼Ùé¢Ò¹ԵÔÂÊÒÃã¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂä·ÁÊìã¹ä·ÂÍÂÙèàÅ ¤¹·ÑèÇâÅ¡ÍèÒ¹ä·ÁÊìáÅйԵÔÂÊÒÃã¹à¤Ã×Í “à»ç¹ÃéÍÂÅéÒ¹©ºÑº” ÊÓËÃѺ¤¹·ÕèàÅ×Í¡àʾÊ×èÍÍÂèҾ԰վԶѹ ä·ÁÊì¡ç¤×ÍÁØÁÁͧÃдѺâÅ¡ µèÍâÅ¡·ÕèÃͺ¢éÒ§à¢Ò ÍÒ¨¨ÐÁÐ¡Ñ¹ä» ËÃ×ÍÍÐäáçáÅéÇáµè áµè·Õèá¹è¹Í¹¤×Íä·ÁÊì à»ç¹Ë¹Ö觺¹âÅ¡ ¶éÒÇèҡѹ´éÇÂàÃ×èͧ¢èÒÇ ¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇä·ÁÊì ÃѺà§Ô¹äÁèä´é àÅè¹ËØé¹äÁèä´é ÁÕºÃÔÉÑ·¾ÕÍÒÃìäÁèä´é ä·ÁÊìÁÕ¡®ÃÐàºÕº¸ÃÃÁÒÀÔºÒÅ ¨ÃÔ¸ÃÃÁ áÅШÃÃÂÒºÃó ÃдѺͧ¤ì¡ÃáÅйѡ¢èÒÇ ª¹Ô´«×é͵ÑÇ«×éÍÊӹѡ¢èÒÇäÁèä´é ¡çáÅéǡѹ

 

áÅéÇÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇä·Â¡çÍÍ¡ÁÒ “ÍÑ´ä·ÁÊì” à¾Õ§ÍÒ·ÔµÂìà´ÕÂÇËÅѧ¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵԺ͡ãËéÊӹѡ¢èÒÇä·Â “ªèǤءѺÊӹѡ¢èÒÇà·È ÍÂèÒ§ä·ÁÊì”

 

àÍÒËÅÐ ·èÒ¹¼ÙéÍèÒ¹·ÕèÍèÒ¹¼ÁÁÒ¹Ò¹¤§¨ÐÃÙéáÅéÇËÅÐÇèÒ¼Á¨Ðà¢Õ¹ÍÂèÒ§äõèÍ àªè¹ ¹Ö¡ËÃ×ÍÇèÒä·ÁÊìäÁèÃÙéÇèÒÊӹѡ¢èÒÇä·Â¤×͸ØáԨ¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ áÅж×ÍËÒ§¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵԡѹä»ËÁ´áÅéÇ ËÃ×ÍÇèÒÁҵðҹ½ÃÑè§áÅéÇ á¤è¤ÇÒÁàª×èÍÇèÒ·Ñ¡ÉԳ⡧ Áѹ¡çÁÕ¹éÓ˹ѡá¤è¹Ñé¹ ¤×ͤÇÒÁàª×èÍ ËÃ×ÍÇèÒ¶éÒÊӹѡ¢èÒǶ١¿éͧÃéͧàÃ×èͧÅÐàÁÔ´ÊÔ·¸Ô ½ÃÑè§à¢ÒÁͧÇèÒ “äÁèãªè¤Ø¡¤ÒÁÊ×èÍ” áµèá¤è»¡»éͧÊÔ·¸Ô¡Ñ¹ áÅéÇ¡çÍÂèÒ§·ÕèÃÙéæ¡Ñ¹ ¤Ø³ÀÒ¾Ê×èÍä·Â¹ÐÁѹ¡çá¤è¹Õé¨ÃÔ§æ Áҵðҹ¹Ð ÂѧµèÓµéÍÂàËÅ×Íà¡Ô¹àÁ×èÍà·Õº¡Ñº½ÃÑè§ áµèàÍÒËÅмÁ¨ÐäÁè¢Í ŧä»ã¹ÃдѺ¹Ñé¹ÁÒ¡¹Ñ¡ àÍÒà»ç¹ÇèÒÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒǶéҨлÃÐÊÒ· “¶éÒ¤Ô´ÇèÒä·ÁÊìäÁèàË繤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§ÇèÒÊ×èÍä·Âà»ç¹ÍÂèÒ§äÔ

 

áµè¼Á¨Ð¢ÍÇ¡ä»àÃ×èͧÍ×è¹´Õ¡ÇèÒ ¤×Í㹡Òú͡ä·ÁÊìä»ÇèÒ “·Ñ¡ÉÔ³ªÑèÇ” ÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇ¡ÓÅѧºÍ¡ä·ÁÊìÇèÒÍÐäèÃÔ§æ ¡ç¤×ͺ͡ÇèÒ ¤³Ð»¯ÔÇÑµÔ “äÁèªÑèÇãªèäËÁ” ¼Á¡çäÁèÃÙé¹ÐÇèÒ¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵԴÕàÅÇÍÂèÒ§äà ·èÒ·Ò§¤§¨Ð “´ÕÁÒ¡¹Ð” à¾ÃÒзءÊӹѡÍÍ¡ÁÒ»¡»éͧ¡Ñ¹àËÅ×Íà¡Ô¹ ¢ÍãËé»Ô´»Ò¡µÑÇàͧÂѧä§ÂÍÁËÁ´ ´èÒÍÐä÷ѡÉÔ³ àÍÒ仵èÍÂÍ´¡Ñ¹àÁÒÁѹ·Ø¡·Õ ¤×ͤ³Ð»¯ÔÇѵԷèÒ·Ò§¤§¨Ð´Õ¨ÃÔ§

 

áµè»Ñ­ËÒÁѹ¡çµÃ§¹ÕéËÅйéÒ á·¹·Õè¨ÐÍÍ¡ä»ÍÑ¡·Ñ¡ÉÔ³ÇèÒªÒµÔªÑèÇ ·ÓäÁäÁèÍÍ¡ÁҵçæàÅ áÅéÇ¢ÍãËé½ÃÑè§à¢ÒËѹÁÒʹѺʹع¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵÔẺ·ÕèµÑÇàͧ·ÓËÅÐ ¨Ð “ÍÕáͺ” ÁÒẺ “ÍéÍÁæ” ·ÓäÁ ¡ÅÑÇÍÐäÃÍÂÙè ¡ç¶éÒ¤Ô´ÇèÒ·Ó¶Ù¡ÍÂÙè ¤Ô´¶Ù¡ÍÂÙè ÃÍÍÐäÃÍÂÙèËÅÐ ¡çà»Ôͼ¹Ö¡ä»¶Ö§ä·ÁÊìàÅÂÇèÒÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇ “ª×蹪Á¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵԔ áÅÐ “»¡»éͧ¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵÔÍÂÙè” ÊÃØ»¤×ÍÊÁÒ¤Á¹Ñ¡¢èÒÇäÁè¡ÅéÒ¾Ù´¤ÇÒÁ¨ÃÔ§ ¡éà¾ÃÒÐÍÐäÃËÅÐ ¶éÒäÁèãªè “ÅÖ¡æáÅéÇ ¡çÃÙéÍÂÙèá¡è㨵ÑÇàͧ ÇèÒ¤³Ð»¯ÔÇѵԹÑé¹ áÂè¡ÇèÒ·Ñ¡Ô³àÊÕÂÍÕ¡ à¾Õ§áµèÇèÒŧà§Ô¹Å§·Ø¹Å§·Ø¹àª×è͡ѹÁÒ·Ò§¹ÕéáÅéÇ “ÍÂÙèæ¨ÐãËé¡ÅѺÅÓÁѹäÁèä´é” ¡çàŵéͧÍÍ¡ÁÒ “ÍÑ´ÃдѺä·ÁÊìÂѺ” ŧàÍ¡ÓÅѧ¨ÁŧÊÙèºÖé§ÅÖ¡ ã¹ÊÒµÒÃдѺä·ÁÊì áµè¡çÍÂèÒ§ÇèÒ “ªèÒ§ËÑǽÃÑ觔 §Ò¹¹ÕéÊÓËÃѺ¤¹ä·Â “ºÃÔâÀ¤” Åéǹæ

 

 

 

หลังจากที่ ดร. ทักษิณ รับตำแหน่งแล้ว ก็ได้ผลักดันให้เกิดกระบวนการบริหารงานแบบใหม่ในภาครัฐ ทำให้หน่วยงานภาครัฐต้องใช้ไอซีทีมากขึ้น และอันที่จริงก็ได้ทำให้ธุรกิจไอซีทีขยายตัวกว้างขวางออกไปมากทีเดียว ตัวอย่างในเรื่องต่างๆ เหล่านี้ได้แก่

           การสั่งการให้จัดตั้งศูนย์ปฏิบัติการทุกระดับชั้นตั้งแต่ระดับกรม และระดับจังหวัด ไปถึงระดับนายกรัฐมนตรี ในการสั่งงานครั้งนี้ นายกฯ ทักษิณ ได้อธิบายด้วยวาจาเป็นตัวอย่างให้เข้าใจว่าแต่ละหน่วยงานต้องรายงานดัชนีชี้วัดอะไรบ้าง (แต่บางเรื่องก็ละเอียดไป เช่น แต่ละวันมีนักโทษเพิ่มขึ้นกี่คน) งานนี้ทำให้ผู้บริหารหน่วยงานซึ่งอาจจะไม่เคยใช้ข้อมูลและสารสนเทศมาก่อนต้องวิ่งกันสุดฤทธิ์ที่จะหาคนมาสร้างระบบสารสนเทศเพื่อจัดเก็บข้อมูล และทำรายงานสำหรับเสนอขึ้นไปสู่ศูนย์ปฏิบัติการนายกรัฐมนตรีให้ได้ ในงานนี้ปรากฏว่าบริษัทไอซีทีทั่วประเทศได้งานไปทำเพียบ แต่ผลงานได้หรือไม่นั้นยังไม่ได้รับรายงาน

           การมีศูนย์ปฏิบัติการนั้น กล่าวกันว่าจะเป็นการดีถ้าหากติดระบบ Teleconference ด้วย เพื่อจะได้ประชุมทางไกลกับท่านนายกฯ ได้ ดังนั้นหน่วยงานหลายแห่งก็เลยซื้อระบบ Teleconference มาติดตั้งในหน่วยงานด้วย ทำให้บริษัทผู้จัดจำหน่ายระบบเหล่านี้หน้าบานไปตามๆ กัน ขณะเดียวกันจอภาพ Teleconference ก็กลายเป็นเครื่องประดับอย่างดีมากสำหรับหน่วยงาน

           ท่านนายกฯ สั่งว่าต่อไปนี้ผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัดแบบบูรณาการ หรือ CEO จังหวัด จะต้องอ่านแผนที่เป็น และนำเสนอแผนที่ในระบบดิจิทัลให้ท่านนายกฯ ฟังระหว่างการนำเสนอผลการปฏิบัติงานขณะที่ท่านนายกฯ ไปเยี่ยมจังหวัดต่างๆ ได้ ผลก็คือผู้ว่า CEO เริ่มศึกษาเรื่องแผนที่ และจัดหาบริษัทมาทำแผนที่ลงในคอมพิวเตอร์เป็นการใหญ่ งานนี้ก็ทำให้บริษัทผู้ขายระบบ GIS สนุกสนานไปตามๆ กัน ยิ่งถ้าจังหวัดมี อบต. ที่สนใจเรื่องนี้ด้วยแล้วยิ่งทำให้ใช้กระสุนนัดเดียวยิงนกได้เป็นฝูง

           การจัดตั้งสำนักงานส่งเสริมอุตสาหกรรมซอฟต์แวร์แห่งชาติในกระทรวงไอซีที เพื่อผลักดันและส่งเสริมงานด้านซอฟต์แวร์ขนานใหญ่

           งานอื่นๆ ที่ท่านนายกฯ สั่งการให้ทำและไปเกี่ยวข้องกับไอซีทียังมีอีกมาก เช่น ระบบ GFMIS ซึ่งจะทำให้ท่านนายกฯ ได้ทราบสถานะการเงินของประเทศอย่างรวดเร็ว ทำให้รู้ว่าแต่ละไตรมาสหน่วยงานใช้เงินอย่างไร เป็นกี่เปอร์เซ็นต์ของงบประมาณ เพื่อที่ท่านจะได้กำกับการใช้จ่ายงบประมาณให้มีประสิทธิภาพ หรือการสั่งให้ใช้ Smart Card และการจัดหาคอมพิวเตอร์กว่าสองแสนเครื่องเพื่อแจกจ่ายให้โรงเรียน รวมทั้งคอมพิวเตอร์ราคา 100 เหรียญ ที่ ดร.นีโกรพอนเต แห่งเอ็มไอที คิดขึ้นและนำมาเสนอขายให้ด้วย

จากที่กล่าวมานี้จะเห็นว่า ท่านนายกฯ ทักษิณ ได้พยายามส่งเสริมงานด้านไอซีทีให้ประเทศไทยมากทีเดียว อย่างไรก็ตามปัญหาที่ได้สดับตรับฟังมาก็คือ งานที่ท่านส่งเสริมนั้นยังใช้ไม่ได้จริง ศูนย์ปฏิบัติการก็ยังไม่มีข้อมูลและสารสนเทศมากพอ และที่มีก็ไม่แน่ใจว่าจะถูกต้อง จังหวัดต่างๆ เริ่มมีระบบฐานข้อมูลแล้ว แต่ก็ยังมีปัญหาเรื่องความถูกต้อง และมีข่าวมาอีกว่ากรมการปกครองได้จัดทำโปรแกรมกลางให้ทุกจังหวัดนำไปใช้โดยให้ยกเลิกโปรแกรมที่ไปว่าจ้างบริษัทอื่นทำ

 

เรื่องที่เกิดขึ้นนี้ความจริงผมเห็นว่าเป็นเรื่องธรรมดาที่จะต้องเกิดหากไม่มีการศึกษาวิวัฒนาการของการบริหารไอซีทีให้เข้าใจ และพยายามเตรียมการแก้ปัญหาไว้แต่เนิ่นๆ

ปัญหาใหญ่ก็คือ ความไม่พร้อมของหน่วยงานต่างๆ เพราะไม่เคยใช้งานไอซีทีในด้านข้อมูลและสารสนเทศมาก่อน เมื่อปุบปับได้รับคำสั่งให้ใช้ไอซีทีต่างๆ ดังที่กล่าวมาข้างต้น หน่วยงานก็ต้องทำไปโดยไม่มีความรู้ และแน่นอนที่สุดว่าต้องอาศัยบริษัทไอซีทีซึ่งก็มีทั้งที่ดีและที่เห็นแก่ตัว รวมทั้งที่พยายามหลอกลวงลูกค้า

 

ถ้าหากจะให้แนวคิดท่านนายกฯ เกิดผลดีจริงๆ นั้น ผมเห็นว่า CIO ของรัฐจะต้องร่วมมือกันผลักดันในเรื่องต่อไปนี้

           การตั้งหน่วยงานกลางเพื่อดูแลประสานงานการพัฒนาระบบสารสนเทศกลาง เพื่อให้หน่วยงานใช้หน่วยงานนี้จะต้องทำหน้าที่เป็นที่ปรึกษาและให้ความเห็นเกี่ยวกับการพัฒนาและการติดตั้งระบบต่างๆ ที่จำเป็นสำหรับหน่วยงาน ทำหน้าที่ตรวจสอบคุณภาพและความสามารถของซอฟต์แวร์ต่างๆ ที่บริษัทเสนอมาให้หน่วยงานภาครัฐใช้เพื่อพิสูจน์ว่าใช้งานได้จริงหรือไม่ แล้วขึ้นบัญชีและเผยแพร่ให้หน่วยงานต่างๆ ทราบ

           การพัฒนาระบบในอนาคตจะต้องพึ่งพาอาศัย Business model เป็นโครงสร้างการทำงานของหน่วยงาน ดังนั้นจะต้องมีการพัฒนา Business model ของการทำงานในทุกๆ ด้านของหน่วยงานภาครัฐ (เอกชนก็ควรทำด้วย)

           การกำหนดมาตรฐานต่างๆ ด้านไอซีที เช่น มาตรฐานรหัสข้อมูล มาตรฐานการพัฒนาระบบสารสนเทศและฐานข้อมูล มาตรฐานฮาร์ดแวร์และเครือข่าย มาตรฐานความมั่นคง มาตรฐานการบริการไอซีที ฯลฯ และเป็นผู้ให้คำปรึกษาแนะนำเรื่องมาตรฐานเหล่านี้แก่หน่วยงานต่างๆ

           กำหนดทางเลือกให้ใช้มาตรฐานกลางสำหรับงานด้านซอฟต์แวร์ และระบบต่างๆ

           การกำหนดให้หน่วยงานต่างๆ มีสายงานไอซีทีในโครงสร้างองค์กรเพื่อรับผิดชอบงานไอซีที เป็นเรื่องน่าตลกมากที่หน่วยงานมี CIO แต่ไม่มีฝ่ายไอซีทีเพื่อรองรับงาน นอกจากมีสายงานแล้วก็ต้องจัดให้มีพนักงานวิชาชีพด้านไอซีทีให้เพียงพอแก่ความต้องการ

           ปรับปรุงกฎหมายและกฎระเบียบต่างๆ เกี่ยวกับไอซีทีให้ทันต่อความก้าวหน้าทางด้านเทคโนโลยี และการดำเนินการของประเทศอื่น

           ส่งเสริมงานด้านการศึกษาและวิจัยด้านไอซีทีในทางที่จะเกิดประโยชน์แก่การใช้ไอซีทีเพื่อการบริหารและบริการภาครัฐ

เรื่องอื่นๆ ยังมีอีกมาก แต่เนื้อที่หมดแล้ว จึงขอฝากท่านที่จะอาสามาเป็นรัฐบาลชุดใหม่ให้รับไปพิจารณาด้วยครับ