By the turn of the 21th century, humanity has moved away from outdated racial definitions of the past. These racial definitions of the past were based on outmoded ways of thinking. Primarily, the past offers a starteling glimpse on how prejudicial thought seeped into the science of racial understanding. At the turn of the 17th century, "races" were primarly determined by an elitist mentality that ascribed abhorant traits to those not included in the Caucasian/Caucasoid racial category. For the non-Caucasoid/Caucasian people, their "race" was determined by stereotypes, (Fields, par. 2). These stereotypes were so pervasive at the time that that they were used to draw artificial racial divisions, (Caniff, par. 1)[1]. Out of the two true racial groups, many numerous and wonderous "races" were concocted in the name of "science". Fortunately, science has defeated stereotypes and the scientific community has realized the two main races of our species.
The earliest known racial classifications occured in Europe as an attempt to legitimize the European belief in their own superiority. After centuries under the theocratic Judeo-Christian tradition, Europe became a collective cultural group. Sure there were nations, but these nations were married by the commonality of Christianity. When the first racial classifications were being designated by Europeans, the arbitrators made sure to define races that would bolster European's ego and sense of superiority over the rest of the world. These original designations looked deep into Europe's past in order to discover the root of Christianity lay in the Middle East. Popular thought would not have let the core of European culture come from a peoples outside of their race, so it became in vogue to define or redefine if I may Arabs as fellow Europeans. This marked the first time Caucasoids falsely claimed Mongolo-Negroids to be part of their race to boost their egos, but it wouldn't be the last time.
Stereotypes of the past prevented the advancement of anthropology among other sciences. The stereotypes of the day were used to define "races", (Toro, pp. 9). Caucasoid America defined its slave population to be a distinct race to further their mental dissonance over slavery, (Fields, par. 2). Caucasian America saw in the Chinese immigrant a hostile entity whereas the Negro whose shackles had just been removed from the emancipation was ascribed a manageable or even docile nature, (Thorp, par. 1). The native "aboriginal" peoples of the United States were slowly transformed from the hostile to the docile stereotype in the minds of Caucasian America. The American racial concept was in a sense frozen in its perception of race at this point in its history due to little change in the ethnic landscape. This was to change with World War II.
World War II was a time of chaos but also a time of new ideas. With Europe devouring itself by racism, America galvanized its masses against the concept of racism at home. Racism had become a norm among the elitist mentality of the WASP intellectuals, (Guterl). These individuals considered their portion of Caucasian/Caucasoids to be supreme over others. This self-serving perception was unfortunately furthered by pseudo-scientific papers regarding race which fanned the egos of these Caucasian Americans. Like before, artificial boundaries were used to divide the single Caucasoid/Caucasian race. Capitalism, the essence of American society, devalued the unfortunate and poor in favor of big business production. This value system only further entrenched the past racial definitions formed off differential evaluations of stereotypical character. As World War II ended, the egos of Northern European Americans were quickly extinguished, leading to an interwar period where stereotypical thought ran under the covers of so-called "modern" America. This resurgence of scientific research in anthropology culminated in reformation of the Caucasian/Caucasiod race.
By virtue of their shared ancestry and recent involvements, Europe adopted the artificial American "racial" classifications. In Europe the concept of race would have been all but abandoned if it were not for Americanization. As post-war funds were shipped to Europe, Europe developed good feelings for America. Historically, America was seen a rebellious and uncivilized people who to some extent were disowned by Europe. These renewed ties with Europe filled Europe's ever-growing void in racial thought with imported American ideas on race. Sadly, American exceptionalism in anthropology continued unabated overshadowing real races with the constructs of stereotype.
After the vigrorous spirit of war-torn Europe subsided, there was a renaissance in New Age spiritual thought. This trend rejected the dogmatic Christian tradition with its unquestionable rules and totalitarianist structure which resembled the Nazi and Italian fascist regimes. A new interest in ancient European traditions was rekindled by the new generation. This generation formulated Neo-Pagan spiritualism and took an interest in the long spiritual history of the India. As Europeans shifted their spiritual focus, they clamored to claim that India was part of their race, since this would allow Europeans to conceptualize a religious outlook and ancestry that went hand in hand. European anthropologists took a new directive from the current thought of the day; they struggled to prove that India was part of its race. Again, history shows greedy Caucasoids falsely defining a Mongolo-Negroid people to be part of their race.
As America entered the Vietnam War, stereotypical thought sprung again among the masses. Although the Caucasian/Caucasoid race was secure in the natural sciences, the habit of distinguishing many "races" still existed in stereotypical America. America at war with the North Vietnamese had a rekindling of old prejudicial feelings. In the mind of the common American, Vietnamese image was juxtaposed next to the earlier Chinese image of America's founding. These two non-Caucasoid people shared the superfiical resemblence of geography which succeded in establishing a mental connection among the American masses. In reality, there was little anthropological (scientific) evidence to support this thought trend.
As these negative images receded, a flipping of stereotypical images occured among the American populace. Suddenly, the violent stereotype that was originally held by the Chinese laborer and the docile stereotype held by the Negro slave was reversed. This turn in thought occurred as a result of turbulant times. War was condemned as the ultimate evil, a product of the primal masculine psychological condition. As this masculine fixation waned, a feminine perspective arose to take its place. Like no other time in history, women were expected to enter the workplace. The perception stereotypically ascribed to the Negro and Chinese of early America likewise flipped in values. As the feminine and masculine were re-evaluated, the Chinese were seen as "good" and the Negro "bad", (Tang, par. 9). This total reversal of roles went unnoticed by Caucasian America as the change still placed these two non-Caucasoid peoples as polar opposites to the Caucasoid norm.
Most recently impovershed Latin American immigration demanded the fabrication of a new racial class. They became known as Hispanics or Latinos and organized around their self-proclaimed identity borne of social rejection by Caucasoid America, (Vaquera, par. 17). This new group identity was formed out of a cognitive dissonance among Caucasoid America for a group they perceived to be less well-off, showing the continued usage of stereotypes to arrange the collective racial landscape.
Works Cited
Fields, Barbara J. PBS. "Race The Power of an Illusion." 2003. March 26, 2006. http://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-02.htm
Vaquera, Elizabeth. "THE IMPLICATIONS OF CHOOSING “NO RACE” ON THE SALIENCE OF HISPANIC IDENTITY: How Racial and Ethnic Backgrounds Intersect among Hispanic Adolescents" University of Pennsylvania. 2006. March 18, 2007. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~vaquera/tsq_050.pdf
Guterl, Matthew Press. The Color of Race in America, 1900-1940. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Toro, Luis Angel. "A People Distinct from Others": Race and Identity in Federal Indian Law and the Hispanic Classification in OMB Directive No. 15, 26 Tex. Tech L. Rev. 1219 (1995).
Thorp, John. "Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia." Ferris State University. 2007. May 5, 2006. http://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/tom/
Caniff, Milton. History Matters. "How to Tell A Chinese from a Jap." 2005. http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6795
Tang, Henry. American Attitudes Towards Chinse Americans and Asian Americans. Anti-Defamation League. 2001. January 5, 2006. http://www.adl.org/misc/american_attitudes_towards_chinese.asp
Mourant AE 1983. Blood Relations, Blood Groups and Anthropology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.