READ: pages 4-9 of the Text. (The Table of Contents)
Consider: When was the last
successful armed invasion of England?
When was the last successful invasion
of England?
When was the last invasion of
England?
What effects did William's use of a
foreign language have on Government?
What effect did cross channel
holdings have on English National Policy?
What were William's 'reforms' of the
Church?
What were the long term effects of
William's invasion of Scotland?
What were the immediate and long term
effects of the Domesday Book?
The text devotes a chapter to the
Centralization of the State. Why?
Why did the Barons rebel after the
Coronation of William II?
What were the Conditions Anselm
placed on his acceptance of the Archbishopric?
What was the investiture strife that
began under Henry's Reign?
What was the compromise between Henry
and Anselm?
What were the Local Court reforms
under Henry, and what is their lasting effect?
What brought about the revolt of the
Norman Barons?
Why did those who supported Matilda
does so? And the same for Stephen.
Of what significance is the Marriage
of Henry to Elanor?
By what authority and on what grounds
did the Pope issue the Grant of Ireland?
Why is Beckett given a whole chapter
in the text?
Why did Young Henry and the Barons
again rebel?
How was Government during Peace
different from Government during War?
Why did Henry's sons go to war with
each other?
How did the Crusades effect England?
Why did Richard abandon his father?
How did the King's absence effect
Government in England?
What demands did Bishop Hugh Refuse?
Why did England go to war with
Phillip II?
What were the Charges against John,
and who brought them, in which Court?
What was the Question of the
Canterbury Election?
Why did John yield to the Pope?
Why did the Barons 'Resist' the King?
What were the principle terms of the
Magna Carta, and what lasting effect did it have on
English Government?
Who offered the Crown to Louis of
France and Why?
Know: The dates associated
with: Coronation of William,
the Death of William,
the
Coronation of William II,
the Death of William II,
the Coronation
of Henry,
Henry's meeting with Anselm and Adela,
the
Death of Henry's son William,
the Death of Henry,
the Battle of the Standard,
the
Battle of Lincoln,
Matilda was driven from London,
The Coronation of Henry II,
the Capture
of the King of Scots,
Henry II's Peace,
Henry II's Death,
Richard's Return to London,
Richard's Death,
John's Coronation,
the Interdict Proclaimed,
the Magna Carta Granted,
the Death of John,
the Claimant Landings.
The Chronology of the Crown.
READ: Pages 10-14 of the Text (Chapter I, the First Part)
Consider: Why would William
pitch his tent on the Saxon Hill?
What effect would the differing
treatment of Romney and Dover have on the People?
Who or What was William's greatest
enemy at Dover?
To what does the author give credit
for the Conquoring of England by the Normans?
Why would England be willing to unite
under Edgar?
Of what significance is the Crossing
near Oxford?
Why would the Earls flee northwards?
Why might the Earls 'abandon' their
King?
What three things made Winchester a
significant city to William?
Who was Stigand?
What Shires are mentioned as being
subject to destruction before William turned South?
Why is Little Berkhampsted the more
likely place of Edgar's Surrender?
Why would the Bishop of York be
singled out as a 'man of the Church'?
Do you think William actually treated
Edgar the Unready as a son?
Why is it significant that the Earls
Edwin and Morcar are mentioned as being present?
Why was Edgar not Crowned?
Why was William Crowned by the
Archbishop York instead of Canterbury?
How would the locals have felt about
the 'provisioning' of William's Army?
Why does out author find it fit to
mention that the 'the old ritual of coronation was
followed' ?
How had 'thirty years rule' in
Normandy prepared William for the Throne of England?
What did William bring to his
subjects that was 'to be had of a good king only'?
What reason does our author provide
for the success of a handful against a nation?
Why did William grant London's
charter so quickly?
Know: The date of the Battle of
Hastings, the participants and the victor.
How long William waited at the shore,
and why.
Why the Town of Romney was 'punished'
by Williams men on the way to Dover.
What caused the Majority of William's
losses at Dover.
How William treated the Citizens of
Dover when his men plundered the area.
What William of Malmesbury thought
England could have done to repulse William.
What parties were in agreement on the
selection of Edgar as King of England.
What was the greatest defence of
London against William's first assault.
Where did William cross the Thames?
What was the Financial Centre of
England at the time of the Conquest.
Who was Queen Edith.
Who was William's Chaplain.
The five Englishmen mentioned as
being present for the Surrender of Edgar to William.
The question put before William's
Council.of Barons.
Who Matilda was.
Why Christmas was chosen as the day
for William's Coronation.
Why Alfred crowned William and not
Strigand.
The four parts of the Oath of Office
of the new King of England.
What two Acts William took to ensure
the safety of his new Crown.
READ: Pages 15-19 of the Text (Chapter I, the Middle Part)
Consider: What would 'disorders'
be in an National Army? In a conquoring army?
What would the favourite vices of an
army entail?
Why would a Norman King restore all
their properties to Saxon Lords?
What is the practice of 'Fuedal
Relief' and how could it apply to William?
Where might a King obtain lands to
grant to his Vassals?
Why would it be said that this point
William warred against memories, not the living?
Why would the English accept the
confiscation of the properties of the dead?
What could be ment by the term 'two
sides of feudalism'?
How important can laws which are
'purely customary' be to a society?
What rights can a serf have?
How fair can a 'Lord's Customary
Court' be?
What significance should be placed on
the 'dual peerage' of the free land holders?
Why is a second term introduced for
the 'economic side' of feudalism?
Why might the author advise us to be
careful of calling new things by the old name?
Which things might be the same, but
under a new name?
Which things might be different, but
under the same name?
Why might the political world of the
Saxon be so different from that of the Norman?
What does the author think was the
greatest difference between Saxon and Norman Political Structure?
Know: What actions were taken to
repress disorder within the Army.
How Norman solidiers were treated vs.
mercinary forces in the Army.
Who Copsi was.
Who Waltheof was.
That King William demanded an
received a 'relief' for the Lands granted to the Saxons.
That all lands belonging to Harold
was confiscated immediately.
That other lands were confiscated
when 'just cause' existed.
What at least one of the legal
consequences of the confiscation and re-granting was.
What aspect(s) of Fuedalism were
introduced to England by the Normans.
What the two 'aspects' of Fuedalism
are, and how they are both a like and different.
The broad 'classes' of men that
inhabited England, and their relationships to each other:
Politically
Economicly
The extent of 'Customary Law'.
The primary underpinning of
'Customary Law'
The extent of the 'King's Law'
The primary underpinning of 'King's
Law'
What two types of Courts were common
in Saxon England at the time of the Conquest.
What types of Courts were still in
session after the Conquest.
What changes in the economic system
of England where introduced by William.
Why Political Feudalism grew to be
more mature in Norman lands than in Saxon ones.
The greatest difference in the Saxon
view of the State and the Norman one.
The greatest difference in Saxon
reality of statehood, and the Norman one.
READ: Pages 20-23 of the Text (Chapter I, the Final Part)
Consider: What
were the limits imposed on the Fedual Courts by the State?
Why would a
Royal Court include members of the 'Government Machinery'?
How are Public
Law and Public Duty related?
Why would
Feudalism tend toward a heirarchy of principalities?
Why is the
nature of the Duchy of Normandy so important?
How was it
different from other Duchies in France?
What 'Baronial
Powers' were denied to the Norman Barons?
What do you
thing these differences would mean for a Norman King in a Saxon Land?
What are the two
ideas that Fedualism brought with it that strongly influence us
today?
Why was the life
of the Manor un-affected by the Norman Conquest?
Why did
something that affected only a very few effect so great a change on
the nation?
Why did
Williamsend moneys from the Churches in England to those in France?
Why would
William send Harold's Banner to Rome?
Why was William
able to confidently return home to Normandy?
What events
occasioned his return to England?
Why did William
chose the men he selected to 'rule in England' for him?
Who did William
choose to rule in England for him?
Who had
maintained the peace in Normandy during William's Conquest of
England?
Where there
other powerful women, ruling even as regents at this point in
history?
Why would
William's return to Normandy be compared to a Roman Triumph?
Why would the
phrase 'had not failed on the side of too great gentleness' be used?
How could
Williams tactics in Occupied England be used to day?
What is
foreshadowed in the discussion of the Archbishop of Rouen?
Know: That
the Kings Court never disapeared.
That the County
Court was not seriously impacted by the rise of Feudalism.
That Fedualism
most be understood in terms of tendancies, not absoultes.
That Normandy
was an example of a Soveriegn Duke, with no internal competators.
Political
Fedaulism was introduced fully formed into England by William.
Normans brought
in the idea, that under the King, all were tenants.
Normans also
introduced the idea of Public Duties as Private Obligations.
Williams Fuedal
Knights in England numbered under 5,000
At the time, the
Conquest seemed to the mass to be only a change of Sovereigns.
William taxed
the Churches and Monastaries.
William sent
Harold's Banner of the Fighting Man to Rome.
William
entrusted the Southeast of England to his half-brother, Odo.
Willaim
entrusted the North to William Fitz Osbern, son of the Duke's
gaurdian.
The Fortress of
Dover was assigned to another Odo, Bishop of Bayeux.
Matlida had been
left incharge of Normandy when William went to England.
Lanfranc (the
Italian) went to Rome for the pallium of John, Archbishop of Rouen.
Copsi, Earl of
Northumberland was killed while William was in Normandy.
Rebellions broke
out in Kent and Hereford during William's absense.
William returned
to England in December 1067.
Consider:
Why migh patience be of more value than military genusis ?
Why
the consecration of Remigius by Stigand might be a sign of 'caution
in Church Reform' ?
Why would William chose
Gospatric to be the new Earl of Northemburland?
Why
did William take to the field shortly ofter Christmas 1067?
Do
you think the 'ultimatim approach' that William used with Exeter was
wise?
What do you tink may have been the cause for Exeter's
reply to William?
What is the significance of the
composition of William's army that marched on Exeter?
What do you think may have been the terms negotiated by the first
parly at Exeter?
Why might the siege have been so
short?
Why do you think William departed from his
usual policy of severity to those who resisted him?
Why
is the stationing of guards in the city's gates important?
For
whom had the city of Exeter been a seat of power?
What where the goals for William and his army in Cornwall?
Why would William give so much of
Cornwall to Robert, Count of Mortain?
Is it surprising or signficant that
William disbanded the army before Easter?
Why would the holder of the lands
granted to Robert be restricted to the Royal Family?
Why did Willaim wait till after
Easter to send for Matilda ?
Does it matter that Matilda was
crowned by Archbishop Aldred of York, not Stigand?
Where was Henry when Matlida left
Normandy?
Why might the conquest of the North
be more difficult than the South & East had been?
What factors contributed to the
'Norther Rebellion'?
How effective was Edwin as a leader?
Why was William able to march,
unopposed, to York?
What was the intent of William's
March?
What affect on Scots-English
relations did the march have?
What affect did the 'Irish Raids' by
Harold's sons 'have on Norman England?
Why can not the English Coastal
Cities rsponse to Harlod's sons be used to 'prove' that the English where loyal to William?
Know: How many years would be spent on
the subjugation of England by William.
Winter 1067 was peaceful in England.
That Exeter was the home of Harold's
Mother and kins men.
That William parliad twice with the
City of Exeter, and was leinent both times.
That a garrison was establised in
Exeter by William in the year 1067. (1068 NS).
That after Exeter, William Marched on
Cornwall, giving his half-brother Robert large estates.
That Matilda came to England soon
after Easter and was Crowned by the Archbishop of York (1068).
Henry I was born in Englad, in the
summer of 1068 after Matilda arrived at Easter 1068.
That the “March on York” begain
in the summer of 1068.
That no battles where fought as part
of the Northern Rebellion of 1068.
That the King of Scots accepted
William's position after his envoy meet the King and his forces at York.
Know: The background of the
historian Orderic Vitalis.
Who William of Poitiers was.
The two states most closely
assiciated with the English past.
Who Swyen of the Danes and Canute the
Great were.
Why those who 'prefered exile to
submission' fled to Scot and Danish Courts.
That William established a 'Norman'
Earl in the north after the two attempts with Saxon
Earls failed.
That Robert of Comines acted against
the advice of the local Bishop when he marched
to his lands.
That Gospatric and Edgar marched
against York together.
That William Malet held the castle of
York for King William I.
That a second Norman Castle in York
was built as a result of the 'Scottish Invasion'.
That Harold's sons continued to raid
England during the summer of 1069.
That Sweyn of Denmark made serveral
attempted landings, and one successful one in
late summer 1069.
That King William was 'hunting in
Wales' when York Castle fell to Sweyn's army.
That the Danes made good use of the
estuary of the Humber for defense.
That most of England remained Loyal
to William during both the Scots and Danish Invasions.
That William's “pacification” of
York was considered 'harsh' even by the standards of the times.
William waited until the Papal
Legates arrived to begin any 'reformation' of the Church.
William brought England into the
mainstream of Europe, in Church and State.
Read: Pages 33-38 of the text
(Chapter II, the final part)
Consider: Why
might Winchester have been chosen for the Council with the Papal
Legates?
Why would Ermenfrid, Bishop of Sion, be chosen as a Papal Legate?
Does it matter what particular accusations against Stigand where used at his trial?
Did the Saxons think Stigand was fairly accused and tried?
Why would so few English Bishops have been left in office?
Why was Lanfranc's appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury so important?
What qualities of Lanfranc would William have considered the most important?
Why might it have taken so long for the recognition of the Supremecy of Canterbury?
What would the advantages of the schools of Italy be?
Why would canonical independence support political independence for York?
Why was legislative independence of the Church important?
Why did the 'form' of the councils not correspond to the 'substance' of them?
Why is the establishment of the 'Bishops Court' called the most violent and serious change in the legal system of the Saxons?
Why did the new Norman bishops move their seats?
What is meant by 'the Bishops were Barons of the King' in light of the separate courts?
Why would there be such an expansion of Monastic life under the Norman Abbotts?
Why would the re-establishment of Latin in English Monastaries be significant?
Why is the imposition of military service requirements on bishoprics so important?
Why is the church as organ of the state given so thorough a discussion?
What is the significance of King William's repsonce to Pope Gregory VII?
What do William's Three Laws of the Church really mean?
Are the grounds by which the author rejects the Leges Edwardi as un-historical valid?
KNOW: That three Papal Legets where present at the Council of Winchester in 1070.
That the Council of Winchester deprived Sigand of the Archbishopric.
That the Council of Windsor had only one Papal Leget,
That by the end of the Council of Windsor, at most three Saxon Bishoprics remained.
That Lanfranc was made a reluctant Archbishop of Canterbury on 29 August 1070
That Lanfranc was a friend of William's and an able theologian.
That the Supremecy of Canterbury wasn't confirmed until 1072.
That William established regular national synods, called by the King, meeting at Court.
William removed Ecclesiastical issues from the secular local courts by edict. (c 1070).
Norman Bishops moved their seats to the great cities of their diocese.
What the three constant occupations of the monk were.
What the benefit to the poor of the new monastaries was.
Who Eadmer and William of Malmesbury were.
William imposed military service requirements on Bishoprics, just as baronies.
That State support of Church Courts, and State regulation of the Clergy where common in Normand, and William introduced them to England..
That William refused to swear feality to Greogory VII.
The Three rules of Chruch and State as expressed by William
That the machinery of the Jury was introduced to England by William.
William increased the Power of the Church, but as an Organ of the State.
William sent 'Peter's Pence' but did not accept the Pope's 'right to rule'.
Read: Pages 39-43 of the text
(Chapter III, the first part)
Consider: Had
England truly become a thoroughly settled state under the new king?
Why would the Danes occupy the Isle of Ely?
Why the tales of Hereward be handed down from generation to generation?
Who were Turold and Brand?
Why would Edwin have been killed 'trying to make his way to Scotland'?
Why was Morcar deported all the way to Normandy?
Why would Hereward submit after a successful escape to sea?
Would replacement of a Saxon Baron with a Norman one, the vassels left unchanged
really have shown the power of the Normans?
How important to the early conclusion of the matter was the local baron?
Why is there such confussion over the list of Earldoms established by William?
What is meant by 'Earl' was a title not an office?
Who is Delolme and why are his thoughts on liberity important?
Do you agree that the source of British Liberty is the absoulte power of the Early Kings?
What factors contributed to the retention of power in the King, (Not the Earls)?
Why would the Saxon office of Sherif see an increase in power?
Why would the chroniclers destort the story of the 'New Forest'?
What would have become of the Norman Conquest without Matilda?
Why did William return to Normandy in 1073?
What was the Most Severe Tempest of 1075?
What was William's attitude toward fedual immunties?
KNOW: That the Danes withdrew from the Humber to the Isle of Ely.
That the Danes and Hereward plundered Peterborough shortly after the Council of Westminster.
That the Norman Turold followed the Englishman Brand as Abbot of Pererborough.
That Morcar joined the Danes and Hereward at Ely the next year.
That Bishop Ethelwin of Durham and Siward Barn also joined themselves to the Danes.
That in 1074 using Naval Blockade, Army and Engineers, William took the Isle of Ely.
That after the taking of Ely, Morcar was sent to Normandy, Hereward Escaped, the Other Leaders where imprisoned, and the Common Men mutalated and released.
That after the fall of Ely, and the surrender of Edric the Wild organized resistence ended.
William deployed Normans throught the land to hold important towns.
The vast majority of the families important in later English history where established at this time in England.
At least one Englishman remained earl – Watheof of Northumberland.
Earldoms in Norman England did not carry the local autonomy the Saxon Earls enjoyed.
Sherrifs, as agents of the King increased in power, like the Norman Viscounts.
That all landholders owned allegiance to William as King in England.
The dispersal of the manors of a Lord throughout England was not new with William.
The creation of the New Forest impacted several localities, but was not on-par with the pacification of York.
Malcom provided hostages to William, as 'proof' that Scotland would not intervene in English matters.
Read: Pages 44-48 of the text
(Chapter III, the last part)
Consider: What
style of diplomacy did Lafranc use in his letters?
Who was Roger Earl of Hereford?
Who was Ralph Guader, Earl of Norfolk?
Who was Earl Waltheof?
Who was Emma?
Why might William have forbidden the Marriage of Emma to Ralph, Earl of Norfolk?
What events did the Revolutionaries plan call for, if it were to be successful?
Who were Bishop Wulfstan of Worcester and Abbot Ethelwy of Evesham?
Who were William of Warenne and Richard of Bienfaite?
Why is it that a clear distinction was made between the men who were serving Ralph
because they held land of him, and those who were merely mercenaries?
Does Emma's effectiveness in holding the castle justify William's forbidding the
marriage?
What were the outcomes of the Revolt of the Earls?
Why would the people have made a Saint of Earl Waltheof?
What might the 'failures' of Walcher, Bishop of Durham have been?
Why would William say he arrested, not the Bishop of Bayeux, but the Earl of Kent?
Why would William need to spend more time in his 'ancestral Normandy' than England?
What are the most remarkable things about the Domesday Book?
How did the Domesday Book effect local government?
Was the 'end of William' a fitting end to his life?
Why did William divide his estate as he did?
Why would William be able to prophecy that Henry would one day have all that his
father the King had had?
Know: That Lafranc tried to retain the loyalty of Roger of Hereford.
William had forbidden the marriage of Emma of Hereford to Ralf of Norfolk.
That the Revolt of the Earls was planned at the wedding of Emma to Ralph.
That the King himslef did not return to face the revolt, being busy in Normandy.
That the English Prelates, and the Justicars were able to 'quell the revolt'.
That Waltheof changed sides before actively engaging the Kings men.
That Earl Roger of Hereford suffered imprisonment under Norman Law.
That Earl Waltheof suffered death under 'Saxon Law' and unusual conditions.
That the English considered Waltheof a martyr and a Saint.
That Earl Ralph and Emma died on Crusade, having gained favourable terms.
That William respected the position of Ralph's men as vassals, but not that of the 'mercs'.
The Domesday Book is so-called because of its finality, and 'no appeal' status.
The methods used to determine the facts in question when producing the book.
English Barons under William's son Robert retaliated for Malcom's invasion.
William arrested Odo himself, to thwart his ambitions of the Pontificate.
William and Robert had a stormy relationship to the point of Rebellion.
William died in 1083, after taking Mantes.
At William's death Robert got Normandy (as had been promised),
William II got England,
Henry got a 'lump sum' and a prophetic promise of all that his father had had.
William was buried in the church of St. Stephen
Read: Pages 49-52 of the text
(Chapter IV, the first part)
Consider: Why
would William II be in such haste to return to England?
Why was the order of visitation Winchester, then Canterbury?
What was the 'Customary Oath' and what did it mean in 1087?
Why was William II crowned by Lanfrac, on September 26, 1087?
What was the Duty owed by William II to William I?
Why would Willaim II send 100 pounds to each county for its poor?
Why is William II's wearing of the Crown at Christmas time mentioned?
What makes the Easter Revolt of 1088 'purely feudal'?
What personal Advantage were the Barons seeking?
What reserve of strength within the English Nation was shown by this Uprising?
What were the two main motives for the revolt?
Were either of them Just?
Why would so few of the Norman Barons remain loyal to William II?
Why would the Bishops and Englishmen remain loyal whilst the Normans did not?
Why was the revolt so short lived?
Why would there be so little actual fighting during the revolt?
What promises did William II make to the English who remained loyal to him?
Why would Robert of Normandy send so few forces to aid Odo?
What penality did William II threat for disloyal Englishmen at Rochester?
What was the 'one characteristic' of the revolt noted by Orderic Vitalis?
Is it signficant that the two exceptions to the general amensty where Bishops?
Know: Where and When William II learned of his father's death.
That William II went 'First for the
Money, Second for the Show'
(First Winchester –then
Canterbury).
That William II Swore to 'Rule Justly, and to Defend the Peace of the Church'.
William II was crowned on 26 September 1087 by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
That no special council was called to 'confrm' William II as King of the English.
That William II was generous with the
funds his Father gathered, to secure the prayers
of the Chruch and People for his
Father's soul.
That the Barons were opposed to the division of Norman Lands into two realms.
That the Barons thought Robert to be more 'tractable'.
That most of the Barons held lands in both Normandy and England.
The Revolt was, in part, an effort to
eliminate the 'dual lordship' of Robert and William.
The barons were opposed to the
separation of the two countries, and they wished
a manageable suzerain.
That Odo, Bishop of Bayeus, and Earl of Kent was the prime mover behind the revolt.
That Robert of Bellême among others was sent over from Normandy by Robert.
The first open show of revolt was the Easter Court on 14 April 1088.
That most of the Castles and the People remained loyal to William II.
William II promised the people no unjust taxes, & the freedom of the woods & hunting.
William
II was: “he was, to the rebellious barons as to his own
supporters, the rightful
king of England till he could be
overthrown.”
William granted a general Amensty after the Revolt was put down (summer of 1088).
Odo was Exilled, & William of St.
Calais tried by Feudal Court: - Clerical Status was
of no help against the temporal
obligations these men owed to the King.
Read: Pages 53-57 of the text
(Chapter IV, the second part)
Consider: Why
would Bishop William insist on the the privileges of his
order?
Why would Lanfranc be so careful to separate the Clerical and Baronial properties?
Why was this separation unusual for the times?
What case was cited as precident for the current separation of Bishopric and Barony?
Why might the case of Bishop William be a fitting end to the Revolt?
Why might the punishments of the revolutionaries in 1095 be inflicted more generally?
Why would Stephen of Aumale be the 'chosen' replacement for William II?
How did William II respond to the Revolt? Why was it effective?
Why would Robert of Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, get 30 years in prision?
What factors made resistence to William II 'Practically Impossible'?
What did William II's contemporaries think of him as a person?
What affect did the death of Lanfrac in 1089 have on William and his reign?
Who was Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury?
Who was Ranulf Flambard?
What does 'more nearly an ideal feudalism' mean in the 11th and 12th centuries?
How did the trials of the Bishops lay the foundation for this 'perfection'?
How was 'Justice' administered under King William II?
What recourse for grivence was open to the people and lands under King William II?
What 'Princely Virture' was held to be of highest worth during this time?
What was the first thing the Barons of Normandy did upon the ascension of Robert?
Why did Henry buy the Lordship of Cotentin?
What motivated Williams activities in Normandy?
Why are the Norman lands so important to English History?
Know: William of St. Calais, the Bishop of Durham was tried before a Lay Court for the revolt.
The court (Willaim II) forced the surrend of the Castle and Lands, but not the Bishopric.
Robert of Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland lead a revolt in 1095, quickly crushed.
That the parties to the revolt were punished more generally than those of the earlier one.
Punishments for the revolt included mutalation of Nobles and Hanging for Commoners.
William of St. Calais, restored after
the 1089 revolt, was summoned again to Court for
the 1095 revolt, but died of natural
casuses before trial.
William II was: Fixed in Power, Resolute in Action, and Pitiless to his Enemies.
William II continued, and with the aid of Ranulf Flambard, expanded William I's
'Perfection of Feudalism' (including extending it the 'church' lands).
William II was also commonly known as William Rufus (William the Red).
William II entrusted 'Justice' to Ranulf Flambard, who made the courts 'profit centers'.
William both taxed heavily and distributed freely.
Robert of Normandy spent more heavily than he taxed.
William ruled England with an iron hand, and kept his barons in check.
Robert begain to lose Normandy to his own Barons.
Henry bought the Lordship of Cotentin for 3000 lbs of Silver.
The Count of Cotentin also maintained order with a strong hand.
Henry inherited some lands in England upon the death of his mother Matilda.
A 'civil war' was fought (1088) in
Normandy between Robert, Duke of Normandy and
the Earl of Shrewsbury, the Duke
'won', but released the Earl's son and Henry.
That William II was seen as a 'blasphemous' man in his own age.
Read: Pages 58 - 62 of the text
(Chapter IV, the last part and Chapter V the first
part)
Consider: Why
would William II need moral justifications and the support of his
English Vassals?
Why Would Phillip I of France 'naturally desire the duchy and Kingdom be separate?
Why would he retire from the field without opposing William II?
How was William II able to return to England peacefully with both Robert and Henry?
Why would William II bring Robert and Henry with him against Malcolm?
What were the results of Malcolm & William II's meetings?
What were the immediate and long term results from the Death of Malcolm?
What things did William II do as a result of his long illness in 1093?
Why and how did William II chose Anslem to be Archbishop of Canterbury?
What kind of man was Anslem?
Why would Anselm insist on his 'Three Conditions”?
Why would William II send for Anselm on the day of his Coronation as Archbishop?
Why would Anselm's oath to the Pope be the greatest proof of Norman Absolutism?
What was the occasion of the falling out of the Archbishop and the King?
Did Anselm calculate the votive amount to ensure this reaction from the King?
What happened between Anselm and William II at Hastings?
Know: The Policy of War against Robert was probably determined in the Easter Court of 1090.
That Robert appealed to Philip I for aid.
That William II 'bought off' Philip I.
That William II crossed to Normany in February of 1091.
William II achived by treaty the recognition of his occupation of eastern Normandy.
Robert granted to William II by treaty lands he had sold to Henry.
William II and Robert advanced together agains Henry at Mount-St-Michel.
After William II and Robert stripped
Henry of his lordship, the 3 brothers returned to
to England together.
William II returned to England to repell an invasion by Malcolm of Scotland.
Robert negotiated the peace for William, atheling Edgar for Malcolm.
The 'Peace' was a return to the 'Status Quo Ante'.
William II occupied and fortified Carlisle, possibly in violation of the Treaty.
Malcolm's peaceful protest to King William II of England failed.
Malcolm and his son Edward both died near Alnwick in subsiquent war.
Their deaths, and the death of Queen
Margaret resulted in the growth
of the 'Anti-England' party in
Scotland.
William II fell gravely ill around
Lent in 1093, and as part of his 'Death-Bed' actions:
Released certain Prisoners,
Granted remission of debits to the
Crown,
Appointed an Archbishop for
Canterbury.
No-one opposed the King's right to grant the archbishopric as he pleased.
Anselm inserted the usual 'Norman exemption' clause in his oath to the Pope.
The Archbishop Anselm proved to be as firm in his convenctions as King William II.
Anselm insisted that the full fedual fief be restored to the see of Canterbury.
Anselm renounced Canterbury's administrative control within the see of York
Anselm responded as a Baron of William when summend to Court.
Anselm rebuffed the King's attempt to exact monies from him or the see of Canterbury.
Read: Pages 63 - 67 of the text
(Chapter V the second part)
Consider: Why
would the Twelve Barons agree that William II was in the wrong, but
not agree to be bound by this determination?
Why would the 10,000 man levy from England be dismissed after taking the shillings?
Why would Hnery now allign himself with William II against Robert?
How did the War in Normandy affect agriculture in England?
Were the events against William II in England at this time related to each other?
Why did Anselm and William II come to such conflict over the recognition of Urban?
Was this conflict the opening moves in the establishment of a 'National Church'?
Could Anselm really at the same time “be true to the pope whom he had recognized and to the king whose man he was”?
Why was the position of a Bishop in a powerful Monarchy impossible without tact.?
What did the Court of Rockingham say about the relationship of Bishop to King?
Why was Walter, Cardinal-Bishop of Albano sent by Pope Urban to England?
What advantage did he have over William II during the negotiations?
Why might William of St. Calais have not gotten a better deal for the King?
What was the major consession of Walter of Albano to King William II?
What were the consessions of King William II in this matter?
Does the matter of Anselm's Pallium suggest Constitutional Kingship?
How did the Crusades affect England so strongly, if so few English went 'on Crusage'?
Why was William II able to 'Lease' Normandy from Robert?
Why would Anselm not object to the 'special tax' to fund the lease of Normandy?
How did Anselm put himself in the wrong followin the Wales Campaign of 1097?
Why would Anselm wish to go to Rome at this time?
Why could Anselm not see the folly of his request?
Know: That William II (William Rufus) crossed to Normandy on 19 March 1094.
That William II was adjudged guilty of violating the Treay of Caen, by all 24 Barons.
William II order a levy of 10,000 men, whose 'provision money' he used as bribes.
William II crossed back to England on 28 December 1094.
Henry continued the war against Robert for William in the spring of 1095.
While William II was in Normandy the Scots King favorable to England was murdered.
While William II was in Normandy the war in Wales was renewed.
Within weeks of William II's return Anslem asked to go to Rome for his Pallium.
England had not recognized any Pope since 1084, Anselm recognized Urban.
The King refused Anselms's request, the two agreed to settlement by the King's Court.
The King's Court found Anselm's request did NOT violate his Obligations to the King.
The King postponed the final judgement, and attempted a 'diplomatic solution'.
The Pope sent Walter of Albano as 'negotiator' to England.
The Results of the Negotiations including recognition of Urban, retention of Anselm, and recognition that Papal Legates could come to England only at the King's request.
The King spent the summer of 1095 subduing the Earl of Northumberland.
William II 'leased' Normandy from Robert for 10,000 marks in 1096.
The Baron's of England authorized a 'double tax' to fund this 'lease'.
The 'double tax' applied to Chruch lands as well as 'normal fiefs'.
Anselm chaffed without being able to hold Synods, or appoint Bishops and Priests.
Anselm was allowed to go to Rome, at the surrender of 'all that he had from the King'.
Read: Pages 68 - 72 of the text
(Chapter V the last part, and of Chapter VI the first
part)
Consider: Why
was Robert of Bellême to powerful for his own safety?
Why would Magnus of Norway come to the aid of the Welsh?
How did the Duke of Aquitaine's offer promise such a threat to the King of France?
Why would we say that William II's death was 'probably by accident' ?
Why would William II be buried without the ordinary funeral rites ?
If William II's violent death was the 'Third Instance of doom', what were the earlier two?
Why would Henry have riden straight to Winchester without checking on his brother?
On what would Henry have based his claims for possesion 'as true heir' of the Treasury?
Who was William of Breteuil, and on what basis did he oppose Henry's claim?
Why might William of Breteuil have declined to offer armed resistence to Henry?
Who was Henry of Beaumont, Earl of Warwick, and how did assist Henry?
Could Henry claim Kingship by Birth and Election?
What was the question in every case of disputed succession?
How did Henry I manage his 'case' so as to become King?
What did Henry do before leaving Winchester that greatly aided his cause?
Why is Henry I considered to be England's first 'Statesman King'?
Why was Henry I crowned by Maurice, Bishop of London?
What was Henry I's Coronation Oath?
What does the speedy Coronation show about Henry and the Church in England?
What is the 'most marked trait' of Henry's 35 year reign?
Why would Henry be called 'the Lion of Justice'?
Would it matter that Henry could read and write in English?
Know: The position of Bishop, as Vasal to the King contained inherit contradictions.
That the 'Investiture Issue' came to Anslem's attention while he was in Rome.
William II 'reclaimed' lands, as the 'lease-holder' that Robert did not actively hold.
William II successfully fought in the Vixen and the Maine concurrently.
Magnus of Norway aided the Welsh against the Earls Hugh of Chester & of Shrewsbury.
In 1097 Edgar, with the help of an English Army under (another) Edgar had been made King of Scots.
In 1099 Ranulf Flambard was made Bishop of Durham as reward for his services.
Duke of Aquitaine offered to 'lease his lands' to William II , as Robert had Normandy.
Willaim II died in a 'hunting accident' in the new forest on 2 August 1100.
Henry proceeded directly to Winchester and demanded (and got) his 'inheritence'.
Henry's claim as 'heir' was opposed on 'oath of feality' grounds by William of Breteui.
The press of Henry's supporters, and the threat of arms secured the keys and the castle.
Henry appointed William Giffard Bishop of Wincherster before he left Winchester.
William II died Thursday, 2 August, Henry was Crowned on Sunday, 5 August.
The coronation oath in the old Saxon formula was administered by London's Bishop.
That the Archbishop of Canterbury was still 'in exile' in Europe at the Coronation.
Henry would reign for 35 years.
Henry's reign is marked by his ability to control his passions, to remain clear-headed.
Henry seems to have delighted in managing well a great state.
Henry is thought by some to have been literate in English, as well as Norman French.
Henry of Beaumont, Earl of Warwick (friend of William I) was influential amoung the baron's securing their support for Henry as King.
Read: Pages 63 - 77 of the text
(Chapter VI the second part)
Consider: What
factors contibuted to the growth of Government Institutions during
Henry's Reign?
How did William I and William II differ in policy about Saxon Institutions?
What might the '”key to understanding Henry I's Reign” be?
What makes Henry's Charter of Liberties (1100) so important?
What does the order of the Liberties say about the Times and the new King?
How does the list in the Charter of Liberties compare to our understanding of Liberty?
Why would the arrest of Ranulf Flambard be seens as 'proof' of Henry's intent?
What else did Henry do that made it plain he was not like William II?
Why were the “two questions” of great importance?
Why would the proposed Marriage of Henry 'please the whole nation'?
How much currency would Edward the Confessor's 'Prophecy' have had in 1100?
How does one determine William II's abuses and the 'Real Rights of the Crown'?
What was the real basis for the impasse between Henry and Anselm?
Why did Anslem oppose the king's request to 'renew the fief'?
In this conflict between 'church and state' which one had the backing of 'Tradition'?
Was the Church in England in 1100 a 'National Catholic Church'?
What was the goal of the Church in this conflict?
What was the 'most essential feature' of Norman Government?
Why did the nature of Norman Government render compromise on Investature unlikely?
Know: That he growth of Institutional Government is thought to have begun in Henry I's Reign.
That Henry and his People both reacted against the 'Norman Excesses' of William II.
The 14 points to Henry I's Coronation Charter of Liberties.
That each County in England got an addressed copy of the Coronation Charter.
The Coronation Charter makes reference to both the Consent and Adise of the Barons.
Henry did NOT surrender the Forests, and retained them 'as his farther had'.
Ranulf Flambard was arrested and thrown into the Tower, soon after the Coronation.
Several important abbacies which had been vacant were at once filled.
Anselm was Recalled from Exile.
Henry I married Edith, Daughter of Malcolm, king of Scotland, and of Margaret, sister of the atheling Edgar.
That Anselm approved and performed the Marriage of the Norman King Henry I to the English Heiress (Edith's status having been resolved as 'not a nun'), now known as Matilda.
The marriage, along with the promise to restore King Edward's Law was seen as proof that Henry intended to Rule as an English King of Norman Descent, by both English and Normans.
Content and application of Edward the Confessor's Prophecy of the Green Tree.
Henry's 'undoing of abuses' did not restrict any of the 'real rights of the Crown'.
Henry demanded that Anselm should do homage for this fief, (the Archbishopric) as would any baron of the king, and receive it from his hand. Anselm Refused.
Anslem's 'Releif' was the first round of the lay investature crises in England.
The Church was an important part of the machinery of government at this time.
Norman and English Churches, from the coronation of William I on to this time, were, practically, independent National Churches. (William having never allowed the recognition of a Pope).
The Investature Battle was a battle between the Church as an Organ of State, and the Church as Ultimate Authority over all Kings and Kingdoms.
Continue with lesson 16 (HE_111_Schedule_2).
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