Direct Dyes are following groups:- (a) Non - Benzidine and Sunfast Direct Dyes (Shade Card) (b) Direct Dyes (Shade Card) Sunfast And Non Benzidine Direct Dyes Direct Dyes are used in wide range of dyeing applications such as on Cotton, Silk and Viscose Fabrics. Direct dyes are Famous for their easy application, leveling property, good brightness and fastness. These dyes can be safely applied on Textiles and Leather. PRE - TREATMENT Good pre-treatment is essential if satisfactory dyeing is to be obtained. To get better depth and fair brightness, Grey Fabrics must be free from impurities like sizing materials and spinning oil by boiling the Grey with alkline or some times bleaching also carried out in case of pale shades. METHOD OF DYEING (1) DISSOLVING THE DYESTUFF The dyestuff is pasted with cold water and dissolved by pouring 50 to 100 times its weight of Boiling water while stirring. The solution may be boiled to ensure complete dissolution. For Certain dyes, which are dyes from and alkline dye bath, it is preferable to add half its weight of soda ash while pasting with water. (2) YARN DYEING Set the Dye Bath at 50°-60° C temperature with dyes solution, salt and soda ash. Run for 15 Minutes. Gradually raise Temperature to 90°-95° C. Run for 30 to 45 minutes. In order to Overcome un level dyeing salt may be added in installments after about 15 minutes of initial dyeing prior to raising the dye bath temperature. In the case of dyestuff which possess maximum affinity at temperature below boil, it is preferable to start dyeing at boil, dye for 15 to 20 minutes and then add salt in two installments to exhaust the bath abd continue dyeing in a cooling bath (60° c) for 15 to 20 minutes. chrysophinine (D. PILA), Blue 2B(banzi blue), Green B(Bottle Green) Borduax (D.Chocklet)and Yellow 5GLL can be dyed in this manner. JIGGER DYEING The dyeing on the Jigger is carried out as follows:- First End : 1/2 quantity of Dyes solution, soda ash and 1/4 quantity of Salt at room Temperature. Second End : 1/2 quantity of Dyes solution, 1/4 quantity of Salt at 60°)c, raised to 80°c. Third End : 1/4 quantity of Salt. Fourth End : 1/4 quantity of Salt. The temperature is raised to raised to boil and four ends are given at boil. Finally the dye-liquor is Drained and further two ends are given in cold water. AFTER TREATMENT Fastness to wet treatments can be improved by after treatment with 1-2% Cationic Dye Fixing Agents at 40-50° c for minutes. In case of some selected dyes, light fastness can be improved by after treatment with:- 1-2% Copper Sulphate 1-2% Actic (30%) at 80° c Temparature.   Benzidine Direct Dyes Benzidine Direct Dyes FASTNESS PROPERTIES Light Washing Perspiration Hypochlorite Dischargeability Black E Black - 38   2-3 2-3 3-4 3 F Brown MS Brown - 2   3-4 2 3-4 3 F Congo Red Red - 28   2 2 4 4 G Blue 2B Blue - 6   2 3 5 4 G Green PLS Green - 1   2 3 4-5 3-4 G Green B Green - 6   2 3 4-5 3-4 G Borduax   2 2 3-4 3-4 F Black BT Black - 2   3 3 5 4 F Orange S Orange - 1   3-4 3 4-5 3 F Brown BRLL     3-4 2 4-5 4-5 P

Direct Dyestuff And Direct Fast Dyestuff

Specification of Direct Dyestuff and Direct Fast Dyestuff

Colour  Name	Color Sample	C.I.Direct No.	Fastness
			Light	Washing	Rubbing
					Dry	Wet
Chrysophenine		C.I.Y.12 (141)	3	1-2	4-5	3
Orange S		C.I.O.26 (1022)	3-4	3-4	4-5	3
Red 4B		C.I.R.28 (22120)	2	4	4-5	3
Scarlet 4BS		C.I.R.23 (29160)	2-3	4-5	4-5	2
Red 12B		C.I.R.31(29100)	2	3	4	2
Copper Blue 2R		C.I.B.151 (24175)	5	3-4	4-5	3
Copper Blue 2B		C.I.B.151(24175)	5	3-4	4-5	3
Sky Blue 5B		C.I.B.15 (24400)	2-3	2	4-5	3
Fast Turq.Blue GL		C.I.B.84 (23160)	4-5	2	4-5	2-3
Black G		C.I.BI.19 (35255)	4	3	4	2

Dyeing of direct dyestuff(cotton)

1.Recipe

2.Dyeing Procedure